Catherine de Parthenay
Catherine de Parthenay, Viscountess and Princess of Rohan was a French noblewoman, mathematician, philosopher, poet, playwright, and translator. She studied with the mathematician François Viète and was considered one of the most brilliant women of the era. De Parthenay was married twice, first to the Protestant baron Charles de Quelennec. During the four years of their marriage, Quelennec was often away and was reported to have dishonored his wife. After she reached out for support from Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, he kidnapped and imprisoned her in a castle in Brittany. During the period that she was confined, her mother notified the Duke of Anjou, his mother Catherine de' Medici, and ultimately King Charles IX for resolution. Quelennec died soon after. She later married René II, Viscount of Rohan.
Born into a family of ardent Huguenots, de Parthenay supported her husbands during the French Wars of Religion, losing both to battles. She followed her sons Henri and Benjamin onto the battlefield and was probably at the signing of the Edict of Nantes. She was a principal figure at the famous Siege of La Rochelle, for which the Catholic army imprisoned her and her daughter Anne de Rohan at Donjon de Niort. She was said to be the "last great heroine of the French Reform movement".
Through her political plays, in the form of ballets, and a satire, de Parthenay expressed her opinions about the Huguenot cause and was bold in her criticism of Henry IV of France. She criticised him for his conversion to Catholicism and friendship with his former Catholic foes.
Her two sons and her daughter Anne were also strident Huguenots. Henri II, Duke of Rohan, became a leader of the Huguenot party. Anne and Catherine de Parthenay were considered "adroit political manoeuvring and valour in defending Protestantism."
She translated Greek works into French, including Precepts to Dominique by Isocrates.
Early life
Born on 22 March 1554 at Château du Parc-Soubise, Catherine de Parthenay was the daughter of Antoinette d'Aubeterre and Jean V of Parthenay. Her father, away most of her childhood, fought in the religious wars under the command of Louis I, Prince of Condé or was at the court of Charles IX of France. He died on 1 September 1566.The de Parthenay family members were wealthy Huguenots, and since de Parthenay was an only child, she was an heiress. She was the granddaughter of Michelle de Saubonne and niece of Anne de Parthenay.
At a young age, she showed an interest in astrology and astronomy. Her mother, Antoinette d'Aubeterre, hired François Viète, her former mathematics tutor, as her daughter's tutor. Viète co-founded modern algebra. Her mother was his patron. Viète taught Catherine geography, current discoveries, cosmographic knowledge, and mathematics. She became a mathematician. De Parthenay was an intelligent, wealthy, and attractive woman.
Marriages and children
Charles de Quelennec
De Parthenay married Charles de Quelennec in 1568. He was the baron of Pont-l'Abbé, Brittany, France. Quelennec fought in the Battle of Jarnac where the Catholic army took him as a prisoner. He escaped and next fought under René of Rohan. He received a severe wound to the jaw and returned to Mouchamps, where he found that his wife had fled to La Rochelle.De Parthenay had learned from her servants that Quelennec was not honoring her. She learned from talking to Théodore de Bèze and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre that the situation was grounds to end the marriage. Quelennec promised the Queen that he would do his husbandly duty. Instead, he imprisoned his wife at a castle in Brittany.
On 6 September 1570, as she was about to be kidnapped, she wrote a letter to her mother. In it, she said she was being taken against her will and could not provide the care she wanted to provide for her ill mother. She stated she was the same as she "was on the eve of my wedding and that I have always been since my birth". De Parthenay snuck letters out of the castle. They were written in invisible ink of citrus juice and in Greek and Latin to her mother Antoinette d'Aubeterre and her former tutor. Her mother contacted the Duke of Anjou and his mother Catherine de Medici for guidance. They took Quelennec's side, but they would not have her detained. Aubeterre then wrote to King Charles IX and the case went before the Grand Council on 11 September 1571, after which it was referred to boards of doctors and judges.
On 23 August 1572, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre broke out, and Quelennec fought to defend Gaspard II de Coligny, but he died at night. De Parthenay became a widow at the age of 18. De Parthenay's home was looted, but noblemen of the king saved her furniture and the lives of her mother and herself. The young widow wrote eulogies to her husband and Coligny after their deaths, but they have been lost. The following year she went to the Protestant city of La Rochelle for safety away from the Massacre.
René II, Viscount of Rohan
courted de Parthenay, and he wanted to marry her, but she would not accept until he had a title and inheritance. He had an older brother who died at some point, and René inherited the Rohan family's fortune and acquired the title of Viscount of Rohan. De Parthenay and Rohan married in 1575 in a private ceremony. She received the title Viscountess and Princess of Rohan after their marriage.Their children include:
- René was the first born son, who died when young.
- Henriette de Rohan, the eldest daughter, was with her mother during the Siege of La Rochelle, and without food to eat towards the end of the Siege, de Parthenay and her daughters ate the leather from their carriage. After the war ended, she was relegated to the Château du Parc in Poitou. Henrietta never married.
- Henri II, Duke of Rohan was married to Marguerite de Béthune, the eldest daughter of Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, on 7 February 1605, two years after he was made duke and a peer by Henry IV. In 1605, Henri IV accepted the marriage of Henri de Rohan and Marguerite de Béthune, endowing them with 20,000 crowns. Henri became the leader of the Huguenot party and the last chief during the reign of Louis XIII. His Catholic daughter Marguerite, Duchess of Rohan married Henri Chabot who took on the name and arms of Rohan. Marguerite was sole heiress to his and his wife's fortune. Henri led the king's army in Valteline, and died of his severe wounds.
- Catherine de Rohan — Catherine of Bourbon, her godmother and the king's sister, organised her marriage to John II, Duke of Deux-Ponts. The Duke visited Henry IV at Metz, where the couple married. Bourbon died soon after. Catherine died during childbirth in 1607, three years after her marriage. She was ancestor to several famous people, among them Queen Elizabeth II.
- Benjamin, Duke of Soubise ). He was a fierce defender of the Protestant cause. He became Duke of Frontenay. When it became clear that the Huguenots would not win against the Catholics, Benjamin fled to England, where he died in 1642. Benjamin never married.
- Anne de Rohan, also Anna de Rohan, was a writer and a formidable woman in the fight for Calvinism, "the Rohan women were known for adroit political manoeuvring and valour in defending Protestantism." Anne never married.
De Parthenay's daughters were part of a welcoming procession for Marie de' Medici in 1600.
Activities in service of the war
She gave her children a good education and readied them for adulthood. After Rohan's death, de Parthenay lived in Blain and Parc Soubise at Mouchamps. She was an active leader of the religious, political, and cultural circles in France. De Parthenay was a member of an elite religious group. She moved around, depending upon the location and activities of the Catholic army units. Sometimes François Viète joined her at Mouchamps. He said of her,During the wars, the Château de Blain was besieged and set on fire in 1591 during fighting between the Duke of Mercœur and Jean de Montauban, the knight De Goust. De Parthenay restored Château de Blain and moved into it with her family.
De Parthenay followed her sons Henri and Benjamin onto the battlefield. She probably attended the signing of the Edict of Nantes.
Encrypted war correspondence
During the French Wars of Religion, a circle of Huguenot leaders encrypted their letters with numerical codes about military or political topics. Women, like de Parthenay, passed on intelligence, which created "a highly successful network of information." Sometimes their correspondence was seized, as in the case of Elisabeth, Duchess of Bouillon, who said in a letter to her sister Charlotte Arbaleste Duplessis-Mornay that their letters were being intercepted and forwarded to the commander of the Châtelet. De Parthenay corresponded with Charlotte Duplessis-Mornay and her husband Philippe du Plessis Mornay, who was a regular correspondent. In 1597, she wrote to Charlotte Arbaleste Duplessis-Mornay about her conversation with Henry IV. De Parthenay may have learned to code letters from François Viète, who was an expert cryptologist.War-themed works
De Parthenay enjoyed visiting the court of Henry IV and his sister Catherine of Bourbon, one of her closest friends, in Tours. There, she wrote tragedy and poetry. De Parthenay and her children performed in the plays in Pau and Tours. She wrote three political plays in the form of ballets to call for an end to the religious wars. Written for her friend Catherine de Bourbon, one of the works was Madame au Chateau de Pau le 23 aoust 1592. She also wrote Au Balet de Madame, and Autre Balet. De Parthenay wrote the first two with messages for Henry IV because she was discouraged that the king converted to Catholicism, favored his former Catholic enemies, and prohibited his sister Catherine from marrying Charles de Bourbon, Count of Soissons. One of the plays concluded by the intervention of Mercury, representing Jupiter, and the triumph of Love over the nymphs. The third other ballet, Médée, was about the magician Medea and Sibyl.De Parthenay also wrote the satire Apologie pour le roi Henri IV envers ceux qui le blasment de ce qu ’il gratifie plus ses ennemis que ses serviteurs in 1596. The pamphlet, which also lamented the treatment of Catherine de Bourbon, was published anonymously.