Central Military Commission (China)


The Central Military Commission is the supreme military leadership body of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China, which heads the People's Liberation Army, the People's Armed Police, and the Militia of China. There are technically two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, though under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", they function as a single institution.
The CCP first established a military department in 1925. The CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission was established in 1937, which later evolved to the Central Military Commission in 1945. After the proclamation of the [People's Republic of China], in 1949, military leadership was transferred to the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government; there was no separate CCP organ during this time. In 1954, the CCP Central Military Commission was re-established, while state military authority was transferred to the National Defense Commission. In 1975, during the Cultural Revolution, the NDC was abolished, leaving the Party CMC as the sole governing body of the military. In 1982, the State Central Military Commission was established in order to formalize its role within the government structure. In 2016, a wide-ranging reform of the CMC bodies was undertaken, with PLA'S four general departments being replaced by 15 departments that report directly to the CMC.
Aside from periods of transition, both commissions have identical personnel, organization and functions. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC is chaired by Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader. Almost all the members are senior generals or admirals, but the chairmanship has always been held by the party's most senior leaders to ensure the loyalty of the armed forces. The chairman has absolute leadership over the commission per the chairman responsibility system. The CMC has 15 general departments and the five theater commands, through which it oversees each of the service branches of the PLA. The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound in western Beijing.
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History

In 1925, the CCP's Central Military Department, was renamed the Central Military Commission. It was first led by Zhang Guotao who was replaced by Zhou Enlai in 1926 as head of the CMC. At the time of the First United Front, the CMC was not a unified military command structure but was more of an administrative liaison with other armed communist groups.
As a commission, the CMC ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In 1937, the CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission was created after the Chinese Soviet Republic's Chinese Red Army were integrated into the Kuomintang's army in the Second Sino-Japanese War, and it later evolved into the Central Military Commission after the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945. In this period, the committee was always chaired by Mao Zedong.

People's Republic of China

After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, military leadership was transferred to a government body, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government. During this period, there was no separate supreme military leadership organ of the CCP. In 1954, the CCP Central Military Commission was re-established, while state military authority was transferred to the National Defense Commission chaired by the Chairman of China with the adoption of the 1954 constitution.
As Mao Zedong was also the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and led military affairs as a whole, the CMC and NDC's day-to-day work was carried out by its first-ranking vice-chairman, a post which was occupied by Lin Biao until his death in 1971, then by Ye Jianying. As a consequence of the Cultural Revolution, the Party CMC became the sole military overseeing body, and the National Defence Council was abolished in 1975.
Deng Xiaoping's efforts to institutionally separate the CCP and the state led to the establishment of today's State CMC, which was created in 1982 by the state constitution in order to formalize the role of the military within the government structure. Both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as 'consultative' bodies. Contrarily to the National Defense Council, however, the party and state CMCs are almost identical in leadership, composition, and powers.
After the United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Jiang Zemin instructed the CMC to strengthen the PLA. The CMC began a broad effort to reform its doctrine, operations, and equipment in anticipation of what Chinese leadership expected would be an increasingly hostile United States.
The Commission included the post of secretary-general until 1992. This post was held by Yang Shangkun, Huang Kecheng, Luo Ruiqing, Ye Jianying, Luo Ruiqing, Geng Biao, Yang Shangkun, Yang Baibing.
In 2016, the four traditional general departments were dissolved by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, and in their place 15 new departments were created as part of the ongoing modernization of the PLA.

Functions

According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense, the CMC exercises leadership over border, maritime, air and other critical security defense. The CMC has the ultimate command authority over the armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including the People's Liberation Army, the People's Armed Police, and the Militia.
In China's state-party-military tripartite political system, the CMC itself is a decision-making body whose day-to-day affairs are not nearly as transparent as that of the Central Committee or the State Council. As one of China's three main decision-making bodies the relative influence of the CMC can vary depending on the time period and the leaders. The CCP practices a strict division of power in military affairs between the Politburo and the CMC; no civilian Politburo member is authorized to handle military affairs except for the CMC chairman, while military personnel are forbidden to intervene in civilian affairs.
Unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not an organizational equivalent of other government ministries. Although China does have a Ministry of National Defense, it exists solely for liaison with foreign militaries and does not have command authority.

Structure

There are two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. However, under the arrangement of "one institution with two names", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC is extremely opaque, and its meetings are almost never publicized.
The CMC is composed of a chairman, vice chairpersons, and other members. The CMC chairman is usually concurrently the CCP general secretary. Per the chairman responsibility system, all significant issues in national defense and Army building are planned and decided by the CMC chairman, who holds the final deciding vote on major military decisions and oversees the CMC's and the military's leadership and operations. Other members of the CMC are the Chairman's top aides to assist his final say over key CMC matters. The chairman is the decision-maker regarding the decisions to enter war, formulates China's national defense strategy, orders troop deployments, and decides on research and development and the induction of strategic weapons. The chairman also has the exclusive right to appoint of CMC members and commanders up to the level of a headquarters department, military region, and service command.

Election

The members of the Party CMC are elected by the CCP's Central Committee. In practice, membership is very closely controlled by the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee. Similarly, the state constitution states that the State CMC is elected by the National People's Congress and theoretically reports to the NPC and its Standing Committee, but is in practice indistinguishable from the Party CMC.

Departments

Prior to 2016, the PLA was governed by four general departments. These were abolished after the military reforms in 2016 by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 departments that report directly to the CMC. The new 15 departments are:
  1. General Office
  2. Joint Staff Department
  3. Political Work Department
  4. Discipline Inspection Commission
  5. Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
  6. Logistic Support Department
  7. Equipment Development Department
  8. Training Administration Department
  9. National Defense Mobilization Department
  10. Science and Technology Commission
  11. Office for Strategic Planning
  12. Office for Reform and Organizational Structure
  13. Office for International Military Cooperation
  14. Audit Office
  15. Agency for Offices Administration
The Joint Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC. The General Office processes all CMC communications and documents, coordinate meetings, and convey orders and directives to other subordinate organs.

Joint control organs

The Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center was separated from the Joint Staff in the 2015 reforms and made directly commanded by the CMC. As well as serving as the command center for overall PLA joint operations, it supervises the Joint Operation Command Organs of each of the five command theaters.

Members

According to military regulations, the chairman of the CMC shall be conferred with no military rank, while vice chairmen and members of the CMC are conferred the rank of general or admiral by the virtue of their office. The make-up of the current Central Military Commission of the CCP was determined at the 20th Party Congress held in October 2022; the state commission was confirmed at the 1st Session of the 14th National People's Congress.
; CMC Chairman:
; CMC Vice Chairmen
  1. Ranks of the People's [Liberation Army Ground Force|General] Zhang Youxia, member of the 19th Politburo and the 20th Politburo
  2. General Zhang Shengmin, also Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission
; CMC Members
  1. General Liu Zhenli, Chief of Staff of the Joint Staff Department

High command

, China's Ministry of National Defense lists its high command as: