Composite overwrapped pressure vessel
Image:Copv tank close out prior to flight.png|thumb|A COPV inside a sounding rocket
A composite overwrapped pressure vessel is a vessel consisting of a thin, non-structural liner wrapped with a structural fiber composite, designed to hold a fluid under pressure. The liner provides a barrier between the fluid and the composite, preventing leaks and chemical degradation of the structure. In general, a protective shell is applied for shielding against impact damage. The most commonly used composites are fiber reinforced polymers, using carbon and kevlar fibers. The primary advantage of a COPV as compared to a similar sized metallic pressure vessel is lower weight; COPVs, however, carry an increased cost of manufacturing and certification.
Overview
A composite overwrapped pressure vessel is a pressure-containing vessel, typically composed of a metallic liner, a composite overwrap, and one or more bosses. They are used in spaceflight due to their high strength and low weight.During operation, COPVs expand from their unpressurized state.
Manufacturing
COPVs are commonly manufactured by winding resin-impregnated high tensile strength fiber tape directly onto a cylindrical or spherical metallic liner. A robot places the tape so that the fibers lay straight and do not cross or kink, which would create a stress concentration in the fiber, and also ensures that there are minimal gaps or voids between tapes. The entire vessel is then heated in a temperature controlled oven in order to harden the composite resin.During manufacturing, COPVs undergo a process called autofrettage. The unit is pressurized and the liner expands and plastically deforms, resulting in a permanent volume increase. The pressure is then relieved and the liner contracts a small amount, being loaded in compression by the overwrap at near its compressive yield point. This residual strain improves cycle life. Another reason to autofrettage a vessel is to verify that the volume increase across pressure vessels in a product line remain within an expected range. Larger volume growth than usual could indicate manufacturing defects such as overwrap voids, a high stress gradient through the overwrap layers, or other damage.