Auditory brainstem response


The auditory brainstem response, also called brainstem evoked response audiometry or brainstem auditory evoked potentials or brainstem auditory evoked responses is an auditory evoked potential extracted from ongoing electrical activity in the brain and recorded via electrodes placed on the scalp. The recording is a series of six to seven vertex positive waves of which I through V are evaluated. These waves, labeled with Roman numerals in Jewett/Williston convention, occur in the first 10 milliseconds after onset of an auditory stimulus. The ABR is termed an exogenous response because it is dependent upon external factors.
The auditory structures that generate the auditory brainstem response are believed to be as follows:
  • Wave I through III – generated by the auditory branch of cranial nerve VIII and lower
  • Wave IV and V – generated by the upper brainstem
Waves I and II originate from the distal and proximal auditory nerve fibers, wave III from the cochlear nucleus, IV showing activity in the superior olivary complex, and wave V with the lateral lemniscus.

History

In 1967, Sohmer and Feinmesser were the first to publish human ABRs recorded with surface electrodes, showing that cochlear potentials could be obtained non-invasively. In 1971, Jewett and Williston gave a clear description of the human ABR and correctly interpreted the later waves as arriving from the brainstem. In 1977, Selters and Brackman reported on prolonged inter-peak latencies in tumor cases. In 1974, Hecox and Galambos showed that ABR could be used for threshold estimation in adults and infants. In 1975, Starr and Achor were the first to report the effects on the ABR of CNS pathology in the brainstem.
Long and Allen were the first to report abnormal brainstem auditory evoked potentials in an alcoholic woman who recovered from acquired central hypoventilation syndrome. These investigators hypothesized that their patient's brainstem was poisoned, but not destroyed, by her chronic alcoholism.

Measurement techniques

Recording parameters

  • Electrode montage: most performed with a vertical montage
  • Filter settings: 30–1500 Hz bandwidth
  • Time window: 10ms
  • Sampling rate: usually high sampling rate of circa 20 kHz
  • Intensity: usually start at 70 dBnHL
  • Stimulus type: click, chirp or toneburst
  • Transducer type: insert, bone vibrator, sound field, headphones
  • Stimulation or repetition rate: 21.1
  • Amplification: 100–150K
  • n : 1000 minimum
  • Polarity: rarefaction or alternating recommended

    Applications

The ABR is used for newborn hearing screening, auditory threshold estimation, intraoperative monitoring, diagnosing hearing loss type and degree, auditory nerve and brainstem lesion detection, and in development of cochlear implants.
Site-of-lesion testing is sensitive to large acoustic tumors.

Variants

Stacked ABR

Stacked ABR is the sum of the synchronous neural activity generated from five frequency regions across the cochlea in response to click stimulation and high-pass pink noise masking. This technique was based on the 8th cranial nerve compound action potential work of Teas, Eldredge, and Davis in 1962. In 2005, Don defined the Stacked ABR as "...an attempt to record the sum of the neural activity across the entire frequency region of the cochlea in response to a click stimuli."
Traditional ABR has poor sensitivity to sub-centimeter tumors. In the 1990s, studies recommended that using ABRs to detect acoustic tumors should be abandoned. As a result, many practitioners switched to MRI for this purpose.
ABR does not identify small tumors because they rely on latency changes of peak voltage. Peak V is primarily influenced by high-frequency fibers. Tumors will be missed if those fibers are unaffected. Although the click stimulates a wide frequency region on the cochlea, phase cancellation of the lower-frequency responses occurs as a result of time delays along the basilar membrane. Small tumors may not sufficiently affect those fibers.
However, MRI-ing every patient is not practical given its high cost, impact on patient comfort, and limited availability in many areas. In 1997, Don and colleagues introduced the Stacked ABR as a way to enhance sensitivity to smaller tumors. Their hypothesis was that the ABR-stacked derived-band ABR amplitude could detect tumors missed by standard ABRs. In 2005, Don stated that it would be clinically valuable to have available an ABR test to screen for small tumors. The Stacked ABR is sensitive, specific, widely available, comfortable, and cost-effective.

Methodology

The stacked ABR is a composite of activity from ALL frequency regions of the cochlea – not just high frequency.
  1. Obtain Click-evoked ABR responses to clicks and high-pass pink masking noise
  2. Obtain derived-band ABRs
  3. Shift & align the wave V peaks of the DBR – thus, "stacking" the waveforms with wave V lined up
  4. Add the waveforms together
  5. Compare the amplitude of the Stacked ABR with the click-evoked ABR from the same ear
When the derived waveforms are representing activity from more apical regions along the basilar membrane, wave V latencies are prolonged because of the nature of the traveling wave. In order to compensate for these latency shifts, the wave V component for each derived waveform is stacked, added together, and then the resulting amplitude is measured.
In 2005, Don explains that in a normal ear, the sum of the Stacked ABR will have the same amplitude as the Click-evoked ABR. But, the presence of even a small tumor results in a reduction in the amplitude of the Stacked ABR in comparison with the Click-evoked ABR.

Effectiveness

Screening and detecting sub-centimeter acoustic tumors, the Stacked ABR offers:
  • 95% Sensitivity
  • 83% Specificity
In a 2007 comparative study of ABR abnormalities in acoustic tumor patients, Montaguti, et.al., described Stacked ABR as having the potential to identify small acoustic neuromas.

Tone-burst ABR

Tone-burst ABR is used to obtain thresholds for children who are too young to otherwise reliably respond behaviorally to frequency-specific acoustic stimuli. The most common frequencies tested are 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, as these frequencies are generally necessary for hearing aid programming.

Auditory steady-state response

Auditory steady-state response is an auditory evoked potential, elicited with modulated tones that can be used to predict hearing sensitivity in patients of all ages. It is an electrophysiologic response to rapid auditory stimuli and creates a statistically valid estimated audiogram. ASSR uses statistical measures to identify thresholds is a "cross-check" for verification purposes prior to arriving at a differential diagnosis.
In 1981, Galambos and colleagues reported on the "40 Hz auditory potential" which is a continuous 400 Hz tone sinusoidally 'amplitude modulated' at 40 Hz and at 70 dB SPL. This produced a frequency-specific response, but the response was influenced by state of arousal. In 1991, Cohen and colleagues learned that by presenting at >70 Hz, the response was smaller, but less affected by sleep. In 1994, Rickards and colleagues showed that it was possible to obtain responses in newborns. In 1995, Lins and Picton found that simultaneous stimuli presented at rates in the 80 to 100 Hz range made it possible to obtain auditory thresholds.

Methodology

ASSR uses the same or similar montages as ABR recordings. Two active electrodes are placed at or near vertex and at ipsilateral earlobe/mastoid with ground at low forehead. Collecting from both ears simultaneously requires a two-channel pre-amplifier. Single channel recordings can detect activity from a binaural presentation. A common reference electrode may be located at the nape of the neck. Transducers can be earphones, headphones, a bone oscillator, or sound field. It is preferable for the patient to be asleep. The high pass filter might be approximately 40 to 90 Hz and low pass filter might be between 320 and 720 Hz with typical filter slopes of 6 dB per octave. Gain settings of 10,000 are common, artifact reject is "on", and manual "override" allows the clinician to make decisions during test and correct as appropriate.

Comparison

Similarities:
  • Both record bioelectric activity from electrodes arranged in similar arrays.
  • Both use auditory evoked potentials.
  • Both use acoustic stimuli delivered through inserts.
  • Both can be used to estimate thresholds for patients who cannot or will not participate in traditional behavioral measures.
Differences:
  • ASSR looks at amplitude and phases in the spectral domain rather than at amplitude and latency.
  • ASSR depends on peak detection across a spectrum rather than across a time vs. amplitude waveform.
  • ASSR is evoked using repeated sound stimuli presented at a high repetition rate rather than an abrupt sound at a relatively low rate.
  • ABR typically uses click or tone-burst stimuli in one ear at a time, but ASSR can be used binaurally while evaluating broad bands or four frequencies simultaneously.
  • ABR estimates thresholds basically from 1-4k in typical hearing losses. ASSR can estimate thresholds in the same range, but offers more frequency specific information more quickly and can estimate hearing in the severe-to-profound hearing loss ranges.
  • ABR depends upon a subjective analysis of the amplitude/latency function. ASSR uses a statistical analysis.
  • ABR is measured in microvolts while ASSR is measured in nanovolts.

    Analysis, normative data, and trends

Analysis is dependent upon the fact that related bioelectric events coincide with the stimulus repetition rate. The specific analysis method is based on the manufacturer's detection algorithm. It occurs in the spectral domain and is composed of specific frequency components that are harmonics of the stimulus repetition rate. ASSR systems incorporate higher harmonics in their detection algorithms. Most equipment provides correction tables for converting ASSR thresholds to estimated HL audiograms and are found to be within 10 dB to 15 dB of audiometric thresholds, although studies vary. Correction data depends on variables such as equipment, frequencies, collection time, subject age, sleep state, and stimulus parameters.