Spanish Baccalaureate


The Spanish Baccalaureate is the post-16 stage of education in Spain, comparable to the A Levels in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Highers in Scotland, the French Baccalaureate in France or the International Baccalaureate. It follows the ESO. After taking the Bachillerato, a student may enter vocational training or take the "PAU" exams in order to be admitted into a public university.
There are two parts, a core curriculum with the compulsory subjects and a specialist part with a number of pre-selected branches to choose from. The latter of these is technically optional, however reaching the necessary grade is significantly harder or impossible to achieve.

History

In Spanish education from the 13th century up to the 17th or 18th century, the term Bachiller referred to the lower grade of university studies, enabling entry to a profession without reaching the higher grades of licenciado or doctorado.
Before 1953 in Spain, the term bachillerato covered all of secondary education, which was taken after passing an entrance examination by those students expected to go to university. It consisted of seven yearly stages, normally taken between the ages of 10 and 17. On completion, students took a State Examination. From 1949 there was also a vocational or technical version.
In 1953 the bachillerato was divided into two parts: Bachillerato Elemental and Bachillerato Superior. The first was taken over four years, at ages 10-14, and the second over two years at 15 and 16; each stage terminated with a final examination. Students who had remained in primary education up to the age of 14, on passing the first-stage Reválida, could still enter the Bachillerato Superior, in which there were two branches: Sciences and Arts. Following this, students could take a one-year stage of pre-university studies.
Reforms during the 1970s absorbed the Bachillerato Elemental into the upper stages of the basic education system for 6- to 14-year-olds, and replaced the Bachillerato Superior with a three-year Bachillerato Unificado Polivalente. At the age of 14 a student could now opt to enter the BUP without having to pass a specific test, or could go into vocational training. The "Preu" was replaced by a Curso de Orientación Universitaria.
The introduction under "" of compulsory secondary education up to age 16 took place during the 1990s. The Bachillerato now became a two-year course following the completion of compulsory education, with middle-grade vocational training as an alternative. It had five branches: Arts, Technology, Social Sciences, Health Sciences, and Humanities. Further reforms were made under the "" of 2006, and under the "" of 2013.

Present

As established under LOE of 2006, the Baccalaureate is studied over two years, usually upon the completion of compulsory secondary education. Following the enactment of LOMCE, there are four distinct branches: Arts, Sciences and Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences and General.
As in the compulsory primary and secondary stages of education, in the Baccalaureate there is a distinction between "core subjects", "specialist subjects" and "subjects chosen by the Autonomous Community" — this last category denotes the language and literature of the regional co-official language, if any. The national Government determines a set of core subjects, while the educational administrations of the autonomous communities may specify additional core subjects and will decide upon the list of non-core subjects.
Admission to the Baccalaureate is subject to a certificate of completion of compulsory secondary education, or certain technical qualifications.

First year

In the first year, "general" core subjects are taught, together with "optional" core subjects, of which two are chosen in each modality, and specified subjects.

Core subjects

Specialist subjects

Specialist subjects, of which either two or three are to be chosen, depending on provision at the education centre:
  1. Anthropology and Sociology
  2. Applied Anatomy
  3. Artificial Intelligence
  4. Biomedicine
  5. Computer Science I
  6. Contemporary Artistic Languages
  7. Digital Creation and Computational Thinking
  8. Education for Democratic Coexistence I
  9. Energy Resources and Sustainability
  10. Entrepreneurial and Business Culture
  11. European Union
  12. Human Biology and Health
  13. Information and Communication Technologies I
  14. Legal and Democratic Culture
  15. Music Production
  16. Oratory
  17. Personal and Vocational Training and Guidance
  18. Photographic Creation and Film
  19. Psychology
  20. Scientific Culture
  21. Second Foreign Language I
  22. Society, Environment and Sustainable Territories
  23. The Classical Legacy
  24. Another first-year subject not taken by the student

    Second year

Core subjects

In the second year, "general" core subjects are taught, together with "optional" core subjects, of which two are chosen in each modality.

Specialist subjects

Specialist subjects, of which between two and four are to be chosen, depending on provision at the education centre:
  1. Musical analysis II
  2. Earth Sciences and Environmental Sciences
  3. Artistic Drawing II
  4. Technical Drawing II
  5. Foundations of Administration and Management
  6. History of Music and Dance
  7. Image and Sound
  8. Psychology
  9. Religion
  10. Second Foreign Language II
  11. Techniques of Graphic-Plastic Expression
  12. Industrial Technology II
  13. ICT II
  14. Material from the block of core subjects not taken by the student

    Provision for adults

Other means of study are especially designed for adults who wish to re-take their studies. These form part of the standard educational provision of some institutes, and are also offered in separate adult education centres.
The "nocturnal" version is provided on a timetable of evening classes. The details may vary according to location, but normally there are four teaching periods of 50 minutes with a 30-minute break in the middle, between 4pm and 10pm. To cater for working adults with less time to study, individual subjects are assessed annually; thus a pass in a subject, once obtained, remains valid in following years. The course content, however, is identical with what is taught at a daytime school.