Azadari in Lucknow
Azadari in Lucknow or Mourning in Lucknow, is name of the practices related to mourning and commemoration of the anniversary of the death of Imam Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680, particularly in period of Muharram and in general round the year.
The Government of Uttar Pradesh banned the processions in 1977 because of riots and violence. As a result of protests, demonstrations, court arrests, self immolations and deaths of Shia youth, under the leadership of shia ulemas, the Shias were permitted by the government to stage an Azadari procession in January 1998. A limited number of processions are allowed, and security is tight.
Azadari during Nawabi period
Nawab Asafudaula used to spend 60,000 Rupees on a single Muharram.Communal riots and ban on azadari in Lucknow
During Nawabi time Azadari practices were even observed by non-Shias, particularly Sunni Muslims of lower stratum. Sleeman, who spent considerable time in Lucknow notes that the Shias and the Sunnis participated with equal enthusiasm in practices of Muharram.Riots took place in 1908, 1930s, 1968, 1969, 1974 and 1977. The Government of Uttar Pradesh banned the processions in 1977.
Even the Shias and Sunnis concede that the Shia-Sunni conflict in Lucknow is not long-standing. They date it back to start of the 20th century.
Riot of 1908 and Piggot committee
The first Shia–Sunni riot occurred in 1908, when a tazia procession of Shias was attacked by a group of militant Sunnis hiding in a Sunni mosque. After which a four-member committee under the chairmanship of Justice T. C. Piggot, an ICS officer and a judge of High Court was formed to look into the matter. The conclusion of committee was that "the attempt to transform the tazia processions in honour of first four Caliphs was an innovation. "The personal knowledge of those members of the Committee who are well acquainted with Lucknow is on the whole favourable to Shia view." The Committee also recommended that there should be general prohibition against the organised recitation of Madhe-Sahaba verses on three days, viz., ashura, Chehlum, and the twenty-first day of Ramzan. The Government accepted the report of the Committee.Tensions in 1930s, riot of 1935 and Allsop committee
In 1935, on the day of Chehlum, some sunnis defied the order and recited the Madhe-Sahaba, which resulted in immediate tensions and skirmishes between Shias and Sunnis. For three months Sunnis built pressure by defying prohibitory orders. When other re-conciliatory efforts failed, the government appointed the Allsop Committee under Justice Allsop of Allahabad High Court to consider the question of public recitation of the Madhe-Sahaba afresh. The Allsop Committee reiterated the position of Piggott Committee. Eventually, on 28 March 1938, the Government published the Allsop Committee's report and stood by it.Civil disobedience movement of 1938 & sanctions on ''Madhe-Sahaba'' during ''Barawafat''
The Sunnis were dissatisfied with the decision of Government to adhere to suggestions made in Allsop Committee report and started a civil disobedience movement. In late April 1938, Zafrul Malik and Abdul Shakur, the two main leaders of Madhe-Sahaba movement with 26 eminent Sunni ulemas declared in a public meeting that recitation of Madhe-Sahaba could not be restricted for even a single day. The next day, bricks were thrown at a Shia Tazia procession in Patanala; 10 people were killed and several dozens injured. Next several months saw a buildup in tensions between Shias and Sunnis. To defend themselves and coordinate their civil disobedience campaigns, the Sunnis formed the Anjuman Tahaffuz-e-Namus Sahaba and the Shias formed the Anjuman Tanzimul Momineen.After negotiations with Sunnis, the Congress Government issued, on 31 March 1939, a communique which stated that "the Sunnis will in any circumstances be given the opportunity of reciting Madhe-Sahaba at a public meeting, and in a procession every year on the barawafat day subject to the condition that the time, place and route thereof shall be fixed by district authorities." But the Government failed to engage Shias in negotiations or inform them beforehand of the ruling.
Civil disobedience movement, riot of 1939 and ban on ''Madhe-Sahaba'' and ''Tabarra''
The Shias initiated a civil disobedience movement as a result of the ruling. Some 1,800 Shias publicly protested, including prominent Shia figures such as Syed Ali Zaheer, the Princes of the royal family of Awadh, the son of Maulana Nasir a respected Shia mujtahid, Shamshiir-e-Tabarra Ayatullah Syed Ali Shabbar Naqvi., Maulana Sayed Kalb-e-Husain and his son Maulana Kalb-e-Abid and the brothers of Raja of Salempur and the Raja of Pirpur, important ML leaders. It was believed that Maulana Nasir himself besides the top ranking ML leaders such as Raja of Mahmudabad and Raja of Pirpur would together court arrest. A conference arbitrated by Maulana Azad failed to produce a settlement. The next day was the Barawafat, and the Sunnis performed a Madhe-Sahaba procession. The Shias were also allowed a procession, and a riot occurred during which several people were killed. The district authorities banned the public recitation of Madhe-Sahaba and Tabarra in processions and meetings held in public places in 1940.1940s
The Shia-Sunni problem of Lucknow persisted through the 1940s.1950s
In early 1950s too district administration kept refusing Madhe-Sahaba processions and counter processions and courts upheld such stands.1960s
After unrest in the earlier part of the year, a riot occurred on 26 May 1969 after a Shia procession was brick-batted from a Sunni mosque near Mahmood Nagar.Azadari movement in Lucknow
Following the ban in 1977 Shia community under the leadership of Syed Kalbe Abid Naqvi and later o his son Maulana Syed Kalbe Jawad Naqvi continued to agitate peacefully and annually offered mass arrests during period of Muharram. These practices for protests continued for 20 years until 1997 during which processions were banned on public roads while majalises and processions were allowed in private campuses such as homes, Imambarahs, Karbala, etc.Successive movement and events
the district administration allows only a limited number of processions, and security is tight. On 17 December 2010 on day of Ashura Shia Sunni clash in Lucknow happened which left three injured.In 2013, on 16 January two people were killed and several more seriously injured when gunmen fired shots at people coming out of a "majlis" at Deputy Saheb ka Imambara in Agha Mir Dyodhi locality in the Wazirganj. The next day, two youths were attacked at a protest while placing the body of one of the victims the Chowk crossing.
Imambaras, Dargahs, Karbalas and Rauzas
Following is list of notable Imambaras, Dargahs, Karbalas and Rauzas:- Aasafi Imambara or Bara Imambara
- Imambara Husainabad Mubarak or Chhota Imambara
- Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab
- Dargah of Abbas, Rustam Nagar.
- Dargah of Abbas, Karbala Musahab-ud-Daulah.
- Imambara of Bi Misri Saheba.
- Imambara of Moghul Saheba, the highest "Mimber" in India is kept in this Imambara.
- Imambara of Zain-ul-Abidin Khan
- Karbala of Dayanat-ud-Daulah
- Karbala King Naseer-ud-Din Haider
- Karbala Agha Meer or Karbala Moata-mud-Daula, Narhi, Lucknow
- Imambara Sibtainabad Mubarak or Imambara Jannat Nasheen
- Karbala Shraf-ud-Daulah
- Imambara Shah Najaf.
- Karbala Malika Afaq Sahiba or Karbala-e-Askarien.
- Karbala Malika Jahan Sahiba.
- Karbala Rafiq-ud-Daulah.
- Imambara of Saudagar.
- Imambara of Nazim Saheb.
- Imambara of Mirza Mohammad Ali Khan Saheb or Kaala Imambara.