Algerian Arabic
Algerian Arabic, natively known as Dziria, Darja or Derja, is a variety of Arabic spoken in Algeria. It belongs to the Maghrebi Arabic dialect continuum and is mostly intelligible with the Tunisian and Moroccan dialects. Darja means 'everyday/colloquial dialect'.
Like other varieties of Maghrebi Arabic, Algerian Arabic has a mostly Semitic vocabulary. It contains Berber, Punic, and African Romance influences and has some loanwords from French, Andalusi Arabic, Ottoman Turkish and Spanish. Berber loanwords represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.
Use
Algerian Arabic is the native dialect of 75% to 80% of Algerians and is mastered by 85% to 100% of them. It is a spoken language used in daily communication and entertainment, while Modern Standard Arabic is generally reserved for official use and education. As in the rest of the Arab world, this linguistic situation has been described as diglossia: MSA is nobody's first acquired language; it is learned through formal instruction rather than transmission from parent to child.Besides informal communication, Algerian Arabic is rarely written. In 2008, The Little Prince was translated in Algerian Arabic. The first novel written in Algerian Arabic is published by Rabeh Sebaa in 2021 and is entitled Fahla.
Dialects
The classification of dialects in Algeria is made particularly difficult due to the geography of Algeria, allowing pockets of isolated speakers to form, as well as the mixing of dialects in urban centers, creating a "koine" for each city.However, the Arabic dialects can still be divided into two genetically different groups: pre-Hilalian and Hilalian dialects.
Hilalian dialects
of Algeria belong to three linguistic groups:- Eastern Hilal dialects: includes three main groups: Sétif-Batna, Mila-Skikda, and Annaba-Tébessa-Biskra.
- Central Hilal dialects: of central and southern Algeria, includes two clusters: Chlef-Médéa and Tipaza-Boumerdès.
- Mâqil dialects: spoken in the western part of Oranais.
Pre-Hilalian dialects
are generally classified into three types: Urban, "Village" Sedentary, and Jewish dialects. Several Pre-Hilalian dialects are spoken in Algeria:- Urban dialects can be found in all of Algeria's big cities. Urban dialects were formerly also spoken in other cities, such as Azemmour and Mascara, Algeria, where they are no longer used.
- The Jijel Arabic is spoken in the triangular area north of Constantine, including Collo and Jijel.
- The traras-Msirda dialect is spoken in the area north of Tlemcen, including the eastern Traras, Rachgoun and Honaine ;
- Judeo-Algerian Arabic is no longer spoken after Algerian Jews left Algeria in 1962, following its independence.
Phonology
Consonants
In comparison to other Maghrebi dialects, Algerian Arabic has retained numerous phonetic elements of Classical Arabic lost by its relatives; In Algiers dialect, the letters ظ, ذ, and ث are not used, they are in most cases pronounced as the graphemes ض, د, and ت respectively. This conservatism concerning pronunciation is in contrast to Algerian Arabic grammar which has shifted noticeably. In terms of differences from Classical Arabic, the previous and phonemes have developed contrastive glottalized forms and split into and ; and and. Additionally, from Classical Arabic has split into and in most dialects. The phonemes and which are not common in Arabic dialects arise almost exclusively from loanwords.The voiceless "Ch" is used in some words in the Algerian dialect like "تشينا" or "تشاراك" but remains rare.
Dissimilation
A study of Northwestern Algerian Arabic showed that laterals or or the nasal consonant would be dissimilated into either in the case of or ; or or in the case of when closely preceding a corresponding lateral or nasal consonant. Thus has become, conversely "mutton" becomes.Assimilation
The same study also noted numerous examples of assimilation in Northwestern Algerian Arabic, due to the large consonant clusters created from all of the historical vowel deletion: examples include "chicken", becoming and "good", becoming. An example of assimilation that occurs after the short vowel deletion is the historical / "now" becoming and then being assimilated to, illustrating the order in which the rules of Algerian Arabic may operate.Vowels
The phonemic vowel inventory of Algerian Arabic consists of three long vowels:,, and contrasted with two short vowels: and /ə/. Algerian Arabic Vowels retains a great deal of features in relation to Classical Arabic Arabic phonology, namely the continued existence of 3 long vowels:,, and, Algerian Arabic also retains the short close back vowel in speech, however the short equivalents of and have fused in modern Algerian Arabic, creating a single phoneme /ə/. Also notable among the differences between Classical Arabic and Algerian Arabic is the deletion of short vowels entirely from open syllables and thus word final positions, which creates a stark distinction between written Classical Arabic, and casually written Algerian Arabic. One point of interest in Algerian Arabic that sets it apart from other conservative Arabic dialects is its preservation of phonemes in loanwords that would otherwise not be found in the language:,, and are all preserved in French loanwords such as or /kɔnɛksiɔ̃/.Grammar
Conjunctions and prepositions
| English | Algerian Arabic | Notes of usage |
| but | beṣṣaḥ, emeṣṣaḥ | |
| if | ila, ida, lakan, kun, Fihalat | used for impossible conditions and comes just before the verb |
| if | lukan, kun | for possible conditions, Also used is "ida" and "kan" |
| so that, that | baš, bah | |
| that | belli | |
| as if | ki šγul, tquši, tqul, tgul | |
| because | xaṭar, xaṭrakeš, εlaxaṭer, εlajal | |
| when | ila / wakta / winta / Ki | |
| before | qbel ma / gbel ma | used before verbs |
| without | bla ma / blach | used before verbs |
| whether | kaš ma | used before verbs |
| under | taḥt | |
| over, on top of | fuq or fug | |
| after | mur / mura / Baεd / wra | |
| before | qbel / gbel | used only for time |
| next to, beside | quddam or guddam | is also used "ḥda" |
| at | εend / εla | |
| with | mεa | |
| among, between | bin, binat | |
| same as, as much as | εla ḥsab, qed, ged, kima | amount |
| oh, oh so much | ya, ah |
Some of them can be attached to the noun, just like in other Arabic dialects. The word for in, "fi", can be attached to a definite noun. For example, the word for a house has a definite form "ed-dar" but with "fi", it becomes "fed-dar".
Gender
Algerian Arabic uses two genders for words: masculine and feminine. Masculine nouns and adjectives generally end with a consonant while the feminine nouns generally end with an a.Examples:
- "Rafik is beautiful", "Zeyneb is beautiful".
Pluralisation
Hilalian dialects, on which the modern koine is based, often use regular plural while the wider use of the broken plural is characteristic to pre-Hilalian dialects.The regular masculine plural is formed with the suffix -in, which derives from the Classical Arabic genitive and accusative ending -īna rather than the nominative -ūna:
For feminine nouns, the regular plural is obtained by suffixing -at:
The broken plural can be found for some plurals in Hilalian dialects, but it is mainly used, for the same words, in pre-Hilalian dialects:
Article
The article el is indeclinable and expresses a definite state of a noun of any gender and number. It is also prefixed to each of that noun's modifying adjectives.It follows the sun and moon letters rules of Classical Arabic: if the word starts with one of these consonants, el is assimilated and replaced by the first consonant:
,,,,,,,,,, .
Examples:
Important Notes:
- When it is after lunar letters consonant we add the article le-.
- We always use the article el with the words that begin with vowels.
Verbs
Verbs are conjugated by adding affixes that change according to the tense.In all Algerian Arabic dialects, there is no gender differentiation of the second and third person in the plural forms, nor is there gender differentiation of the second person in the singular form in pre-Hilalian dialects. Hilalian dialects preserve the gender differentiation of the singular second person.
- Example with the verb kteb "To write":
Future tense
Speakers generally do not use the future tense above. Used instead is the present tense or present continuous.Also, as is used in all of the other Arabic dialects, there is another way of showing active tense. The form changes the root verb into an adjective. For example, "kteb" he wrote becomes "kateb".
Negation
Like all North African Arabic varieties along with some Levantine Arabic varieties, verbal expressions are negated by enclosing the verb with all its affixes, along with any adjacent pronoun-suffixed preposition, within the circumfix ma...-š :- « lεebt » → « ma lεebt-š »
- « ma tṭabbaεni-š »
- « ma yṭawlu-l-ek-š hadu le-qraεi »
- « ma sibt-š plaṣa »
is not used when other negative words are used
- ma qult walu
- ma šuft tta waḥed
- ma šuft ma smeεt.
Verb derivation
Verb derivation is done by adding affixes or by doubling consonants, there are two types of derivation forms: causative, passive.- Causative: is obtained by doubling consonants :
- Passive:It is obtained by prefixing the verb with t- / tt- / tn- / n- :
The adverbs of location
Things could be in three places hnaya, hna or el-hih.Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Most Algerian Arabic dialects have eight personal pronouns since they no longer have gender differentiation of the second and third person in the plural forms. However, pre-Hilalian dialects retain seven personal pronouns since gender differentiation of the second person in the singular form is absent as well.| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | ana | ḥna |
| 2nd | n'ta | n'tuma |
| 2nd | n'ti | n'tuma |
| 3rd | huwwa | huma |
| 3rd | hiyya | huma |
Example: « ḥatta ana/ana tani. » — "Me too."
| Person | Algerian Arabic |
| I am | rani |
| You are | rak |
| You are | raki |
| He is | rah or Rahu |
| She is | Rahi or Raha |
| We are | rana |
| You or Y'all are | raku or rakum and |
| They are | rahum and |
Example: « Rani hna. » — "I'm here." and « Waš rak. » "How are you." to both males and females.
Possessive pronouns
Dar means house.| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | i | na |
| 2nd | k | kum |
| 3rd | u | um |
| 3rd | ha |
Example :
« dar-na. » — "Our house" Possessives are frequently combined with taε "of, property" : dar taε-na — "Our house.", dar taε-kum...etc.
Singular:
taε-i = my or mine
taε-ek = your or yours
taε-u = his
taε-ha = hers
Plural:
taε-na = our or ours
taε-kum = your or yours
taε-hum = their or theirs
"Our house" can be Darna or Dar taε-na, which is more like saying 'house of ours'. Taε can be used in other ways just like in English in Spanish. You can say Dar taε khuya, which means 'house of my brother' or directly Dar khuya 'my brother's house'.
Verbal pronouns
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | ni | na |
| 2nd | k | kum |
| 3rd | u / h / hu | hum |
| 3rd | ha | hum |
Examples:
Demonstratives
Unlike Classical Arabic, Algerian Arabic has no dual and uses the plural instead. The demonstrative is also used for "it is".| Interrogatives | Algerian Arabic | Emphasized |
| This | had, hadi | hada, hadaya , hadiyya |
| That | dak, dik | hadak, hadik |
| These | hadu | haduma |
| Those | duk | haduk |
Sample text
Auguste Moulieras's Les fourberies de si Djeh'a. The text below was translated from Kabyle language.| Buzelluf | Sheep Head | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Waħed en-nhar, jħa med-lu baba-h frank, baş yeşri buzelluf. Şra-h, w kla gagħ leħm-u. Bqa ğir legħdem, jab-u l baba-h. Ki şaf-u qal-lu: "waş hada?" Qal-lu: "buzelluf". -A şmata, win rahi wedn-u? -Win rahum għini-h? -Win rah lsan-u? - U el-jelda tagħ ras-u, win rahi? -You vile, where are its ears? -Where are its eyes? -Where is its tongue? -And the skin of its head, where is it? French loanwordsAlgerian Arabic contains numerous French loanwords.
=verb |