Ahuna vairya
Ahuna vairya is the first of Zoroastrianism's four Gathic Avestan manthras. The text, which appears in Yasna 27.13, is also known after its opening words yatha ahu vairyo. In Zoroastrian tradition, the manthra is also known as the ahunwar.
Numerous translations and interpretations exist, but the overall meaning of the text remains obscure. The Ahuna vairya and Ashem vohu are together "very cryptic formulas, of a pronounced magical character." The Ahunavaiti Gatha, is named after the Ahuna vairya manthra.
In relation to the other manthras
Like the other three manthra, the Ahuna vairya is part of the Gathic canon, that is, part of the group of texts composed in the more archaic dialect of the Avestan language. Together with the other three manthras, the Ahuna vairya is part of the 'envelope' that liturgically encloses the Gathas, i.e. the hymns attributed to Zoroaster. One of the manthras, the Airyaman ishya follows the Gathas, while the other three manthras – Ahuna vairya, Ashem vohu and Yenghe hatam – precede them.Unlike the third and fourth manthra, the first two —the Ahuna vairya and the Ashem vohu—are part of the Kusti prayers. Unlike the third and fourth manthra, the first two do not express wishes and are technically purificatory and meditational declarations.
In the Avesta
The Ahuna vairya is already a subject of theological exegesis in the Avesta itself, in particular in Yasna 19, where "this utterance is a thing of such a nature, that if all the corporeal and living world should learn it, and learning hold fast by it, they would be redeemed from their mortality." In Yasna 19.3 and 4.8, the manthra is described as having been a primordial utterance of Ahura Mazda, articulated immediately after the creation of the spiritual world, and that its efficacy in aiding the righteous is due to its primordial nature.As a primordial utterance, the Ahura vairya is described to have talismanic virtues: the power to aid mortals in distress, and inversely as a potent weapon against the daevas. Elsewhere in the Avesta, the Ahuna vairya is described as the "most victorious", as the "veracious word", as the "sacred gift". In Vendidad 11.3, in addition to being "most healing", frequent recitation of the Ahura vairya is prescribed as an act of hygiene to "protect the body". In Yasna 9.14, Zoroaster is given credit as the first mortal to recite it.
In tradition
The hymn's supremacy among sacred Zoroastrian formulae is well developed in the 9th-11th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition.In the Denkard, four of the twenty-one nasks are described to have expounded on the efficacy of the hymn, and each volume of the nasks is said to have been initially assigned its title from a word in the Ahuna vairya prayer. The manthra's potency to smite daevas and protect life and property are described at length, and the it's primordial nature is seen as the root and summation of the belief in Ahura Mazda, "the seed of seeds of the reckoning of the religion."
The Bundahishn, an 11th/12th century narrative of Zoroastrian cosmological myths, continues and embellishes the Avesta's description of the Ahuna vairya as a primordial utterance. In that tradition, Ahuna vairya is not only an utterance of Mazda following the creation of the spiritual world. Additionally, in Bundahishn 12.13-14, the spirit of the yatha ahu vairyo is the first manifestation of the luminaries that Ahura Mazda created, i.e. the spirit of the manthra is the first of the material creations, and is at the same time the "fire form" force from which the material world is created. Moreover, in articulating the manthra, Ahura Mazda made his ultimate triumph evident to "the evil spirit", who then fell back "confounded and impotent as to the harm he caused the creatures of Ahuramazd".
The Vendidad's prescription of recitation of the manthra as an act of hygiene is reiterated in the Sayast ne Sayast, which prescribes recitation when sneezing or coughing, and recommends invocation when pouring potable liquids. The Sayast ne Sayast additionally notes that a mumbling of the prayer is particularly offensive. The Denkard additionally suggests the manthra be uttered when entering a house.
While the Avesta's Yasna 19 sees the subject of the Ahuna vairya manthra as referring to Zoroaster, and possibly to his successors, later tradition infers no such connection, and applies it evenly to all followers of Zoroaster's teaching.
Text, translation and interpretation
Like all Gathic Avestan verses, the prayer is altogether ambiguous and translations vary significantly. Even though several translations and interpretations exist, the overall meaning of the prayer remains obscure. The terseness of the prose, elaborate arrangement and poetical techniques make a translation from the Old Avestan difficult. Given its syntactic density, scholarly agreement on a definitive translation, or even close approximation of its meaning, remains unlikely. Translations based on Middle Persian interpretations of the hymn also exist and can differ greatly from those based on the Avestan original.The version found in the Avesta edition of Geldner reads:
There are transliterations available with differences concerning certain words.
Transliteration of Helmut Humbach:
Dastur Dhalla also notes that a corrupt form of the prayer is commonly used:
Translation by Boyce essentially derived from that of S. Insler:
A simple translation from the Zoroastrian Middle Persian by Darmesteter:
A translation from the Avestan by Windfuhr:
Vazquez's liturgically inclined translation is:
An interpretive poetic translation of Yatha Ahu Vairyo grounded in camel pastoral reality and emphasizing accuracy of meaning:
Humbach, Elfenbein and Skjærvø translate it as:
The Zoroastrian Assembly translates it as:
Both the lord and the leader are to be chosen
because of their righteousness.
These two appointments are made with good mind
so that acts of life are done for the Wise One,
and the dominion of God is well established,
in which the chosen person becomes the rehabilitator
of the rightful who are oppressed.
A metrically preserved, theologically precise poetic translation ensuring accuracy in both meaning and cadence:
As rules the Ahu, so must one guide,Other interpretations are listed in the further reading section below.
Through Asha alone, by wisdom’s side.
With Vohu Manah, let wisdom take lead,
Through truth-bound hands and selfless deed.
To Mazda’s realm, the rule must go,
To shield the weak from pain and woe.
Ahu – A title meaning "lord" or "ruler," referring to both spiritual and worldly leadership. Unlike later interpretations that limit Ahu to a religious figure, it originally applied to any authority governing under Asha’s law.
Asha – The cosmic law of truth and righteousness, governing not just ethics but the very structure of existence. Leadership must be aligned with Asha to be legitimate.
Vohu Manah – Literally "Good Mind," representing divine wisdom, moral clarity, and rational thought. A just ruler must lead not by force, but by intellect and virtue.
Mazda – The supreme principle of divine insight, creation, and justice. In Zoroastrian thought, Mazda is the embodiment of wisdom itself.