African design

African design encompasses many forms of expression and refers to the forms of design from the continent of Africa and the African diaspora including urban design, architectural design, interior design, product design, art, and fashion design. Africa's many diverse countries are sources of vibrant design with African design influences visible in historical and contemporary art and culture around the world. The study of African design is still limited, particularly from the viewpoint of Africans, and the opportunity to expand its current definition by exploring African visual representations and introducing contemporary design applications remains immense.

Key characteristics

Like all forms of design, African design is defined by its creativity and continuous evolution. Design is a form of story-telling and it is a medium through which those stories are told. In 2009, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie spoke on "The Danger of a Single Story" which has become one of the top ten most-viewed TED Talks of all time. For years African design has been stereotyped, represented by ethnic prints and earthy colors and textures. Yet with 54 countries and an estimated total of over 1.2 billion people in Africa as of 2018, in addition to 210 million people across the African diaspora, African design is not limited to a single aesthetic or singular history; rather it is multifaceted and influenced its local and global context, both historical and present-day, in which the designer or consumer lives.
African design is rooted in rich heritage, techniques, and craftsmanship. As contemporary African designers move on from externally imposed definitions of the colonial era, they acknowledge African traditional craft and craftsmanship is where they draw inspiration: preserving the past by putting a focus on their heritage and traditions while remaining open to global influences and technology. An example is the architecture of the Kenyan National Library, which was inspired by the Djembe drum.
Across Africa, sustainable design focusing on social responsibility and the environment is important and the use of locally sourced natural materials has always been part of the African design process. As stated by Professor Mugendi K M'Rithaa "It is about design for, and with, society".

History of African design

The generation of wealth in African societies facilitated their development of design. For centuries, African kingdoms generated wealth from trading natural resources with other Africans and later Arabs and Europeans. The Asante Empire’s dominance over the gold trade has been documented. Similarly, rich agricultural societies of Central Africa and Southern Africa exchanged goods with the Portuguese since the 16th century. This wealth spurred local design and creativity across architecture, art, textiles, and other design forms. Examples include the 11th century Great Zimbabwe and the other 200 mortarless wall cities throughout Southern Africa as well as the Benin Bronzes created from the 13th century in the Benin Empire. Textile weaving also flourished due to patronage by kings, chiefs, and other royals and aristocrats for ceremonial occasions such as birth, marriage, and funerals. In Nigeria, the ancient city of Kano was known for its highly developed textile industry and indigo dyeing-pits. In Central Africa, the Bamileke bought beads to decorate thrones and ceremonial clothing thereby enhancing their importance. External influences, particularly religion, also impacted design across Africa. Religion's requirements for modesty encouraged the adoption of clothing. The arrival of Islam in the 11th century in West Africa and later Christianity in the 1450s in Cape Verde which spread along the West African coast and then inland stimulated local production of stripwoven cloths as well as demand for imported fabrics. In East Africa, cotton was introduced by Arabs in Ethiopia which spurred cotton-growing and weaving industries to turn cotton into textiles.

Textiles

Historically, textiles were used as a form of money in West Africa and Central Africa. There are records of cloth being used as money since the fourteenth century. Pieces were made identical in size, efficiently carried, and exchanged in quantities based on the value of the item or trade.
Across Africa, there are many distinct local styles of textiles. Wealthy individuals and traders required different types of locally-woven and imported cloth to enhance their prestige, driving demand. The Kuba in Cameroon and Congo has one of the widest range of textile skills in Africa including weaving cloth from leaves of raphia palm as well as embroidery, appliqué, cut-pile, and resist dyeing techniques.

Metalwork and goldsmithing

Further information: Ghana Akan goldweights, Benin Bronzes

Contemporary African Design

Design is playing an important role as African designers move on from externally imposed definitions of the colonial era and redefine African design on their own terms. African designers acknowledge traditional craft and craftsmanship in contemporary designs. This places a focus on their heritage and traditions while remaining open to global influences and technology, and creates contemporary designs that take into account social sustainability and environmental sustainability needs of each region.

Institutions

There are several institutions that showcase and support the study of African design, with an increasing focus on the perspective of Africans and the African diaspora.

Dakar Biennale: Conceived as a celebration of African literature, craft, and visual arts in 1989, the Biennale has focused on contemporary African art and design since 1996. Based in Dakar, Senegal, the exhibition takes place every two years and has evolved into one of the largest shows comprising African design.
Design Indaba: Founded in 1995, Design Indaba is an annual design conference in Cape Town, South Africa. As the Southern Hemisphere's biggest creative conference, its goal is to enable a better world through creativity. The conference curates speakers from all the creative sectors including graphic design, advertising, film, music, fashion design, industrial design, architecture, visual art, new media, publishing, broadcasting, and performing arts. At the 2019 conference, ÖVERALLT, a high-profile collaboration between Swedish furniture brand IKEA and 10 African artists including from five countries, was unveiled. The designers included Selly Raby Kane, Issa Diabaté, Laduma Ngxokolo founder of Maxhosa, and Sindiso Khumalo. This limited-edition collection of African-inspired tableware, furniture, and textiles has been available for purchase across all IKEA markets since May 2019
Design Week Lagos: Annuel design festival founded in 2019 by designer Titi Ogufere.
Museum of African Design: Based in the Maboneng Precinct in Johannesburg, this is Africa's first museum dedicated to design. The museum is not a collecting museum and therefore does not have permanent collections. It is a space that, through collaboration with partner institutions, explores the evolving African continent and the African diaspora through exhibitions, installations, and showcase events. The museum officially opened in October 2013.
Black Artists & Designers Guild : Founded in 2018 by Malene Barnett, an artist based in Brooklyn, New York, to address the lack of representation of Black talent and culture in the design industry. Barnett describes it as "a curated collective of black artists and designers throughout the African diaspora."
54kibo: Brooklyn based distributor and proponent of African design founded by Nana Quagraine.
Art

Further information: Contemporary African Art, Contemporary African Art exhibitions, World Festival of Black Arts, Museum of Black Civilisations, The Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art and Art X Lagos
Further information: African American Art, Influence of African Art on Western Art and General concept of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art: ''Before Yesterday We Could Fly''

Architectural design

Further information: Architecture of Africa, David Adjaye, Architect Africa Film Festival, Moroccan Architecture

Furniture

Leading Contemporary African furniture designers include Bibi Seck, co-founder of Birsel + Seck and Malian designer Cheick Diallo whose MO armchair, made using a combination of fishing wire stretched over a metal frame, is inspired by traditional traps used by Malian fishermen. The chair has been highly regarded as a perfect mixture of material, ergonomics, and local aesthetic in an elegant, somewhat sculptural furniture piece. The designs of Jomo Tariku, an Ethiopian American artist and industrial designer who draws on his experiences of African design and various African cultures in Kenya and Ethiopia, has been featured at the 2017 International Contemporary Furniture Fair and well-recognized design magazines including Architectural Digest, Elle Decor and Dwell. Ini Archibong, an American born artist and designer of Nigerian heritage, has designed furniture for Bernhard Design, Sé, and Knoll. Works by both Tariku and Archibong are included in the Afrofuturist Period Room at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Nigerian Jean Servais Somian, who spends his time between Africa and Europe teaching classes, infuses his creations with elements of ancestrality, reflected in his choice of materials and revisited objects of everyday African life like basins, sponge, or old fishermen's canoes. Yinka Ilori, based in London, fuses together his British and Nigerian heritage to tell new stories in contemporary design. His work draws inspiration from traditional Nigerian parables and West African fabrics that surrounded him as a child. South Africa-based design company Dokter & Misses develop interior solutions for private and corporate clients as well as educational institutions all over the world, including MTV, Nike, and the University of Johannesburg, and continue to support and promote South African design.
Paying homage to his cultural ties, Hamed Ouattara's designs highlight Burkina Faso's artisanal metal-working heritage and address a modern global audience, including international galleries and important collectors, through African innovation. Recently deceased in April 2015 while preparing for his show in London, Babacar M'Bodj Niang, founder of Nulangee Studio in Senegal, sculpted furniture out of local, discarded wood that was sourced by the community kids and adults he employed.
Tekura Designs' djembe side table, sustainably made from wood offcuts in Ghana's forests, draws inspiration from the West African djembe drum. Nigerian architect and designer Tosin Oshinowo’s furniture brand Ilé Ilà produces furniture inspired by Yoruba culture.
Emerging designers include South African's Candice Lawrence, inspired by the textures, people, and environment where she lives, has remodeled Ndebele necklaces into handcrafted lighting pendants that have been featured in Forbes, Vogue Italia, and Top Billing South Africa. Sifiso Shange was recognized in 2019 for Best New Talent at the 100% Design South Africa showcase, for a design created in collaboration with established designer John Vogel whose signature chairs and furniture incorporate local materials and woven techniques.