7.62×54mmR


The 7.62×54mmR is a rimmed rifle cartridge developed by the Russian Empire and introduced as a service cartridge in 1891. Originally designed for the bolt-action Mosin–Nagant rifle, it was used during the late tsarist era and throughout the Soviet period to the present day. The cartridge remains one of the few standard-issue rimmed cartridges still in military use, and has one of the longest service lives of any military-issued cartridge.
The fully-powered 7.62×54mmR cartridge is still in use by the Russian military in the Dragunov (SVD), SV-98 and other sniper rifles, as well as some modern general-purpose machine guns like the PKM and Pecheneg machine gun. Originally, the round was designated "Трехлинейный патрон образца 1891 года" –. It then became widely known under the designation "7,62мм винтовочный патрон". The round has erroneously come to be known as the "7.62mm Russian", but, according to standards, the R in designation stands for "rimmed", in line with standard C.I.P. designations. The name is sometimes confused with the "7.62 Soviet" round, which refers to the rimless 7.62×39mm intermediate cartridge used in the SKS and AK-based rifles and light machine gun.

Background

The 7.62×54mmR is the second-oldest cartridge still in regular combat service with several major armed forces in the world. It is second to the .303 British which entered military service in 1889 and remains in service, primarily in some noncombatant Commonwealth nations around the world. In 2021, the cartridge reached 130 years in service. the 7.62×54mmR is mainly used in designated marksman and sniper rifles like the Dragunov sniper rifle, SV-98 and machine guns like the PKM. It is also one of the few bottlenecked, rimmed centerfire rifle cartridges still in common use today. Most of the bottleneck rimmed cartridges of the late 1880s and 1890s fell into disuse by the end of the First World War.
The .30-06 Springfield cartridge, with its higher service pressure and case capacity, will outperform the 7.62×54mmR when same-length test barrels are used, though this is very uncommon as.30-06 Springfield firearms are generally sold with much shorter barrels than 7.62×54mmR firearms. Commonly available 7.62×54mmR commercial ammunition chronographs around from the typical Mosin-Nagant barrel, while the heavier loads chonograph in the low range. This is identical to.30-06 Springfield performance from a 24-inch barrel and slightly better than.30-06 Springfield performance from a 22-inch barrel.
The 7.62×54mmR originally had a 13.7 g "jager" round-nosed full metal jacket bullet. The projectile was replaced in 1908 by the Лёгкая Пуля spitzer bullet, whose basic design has remained to the present. The Lyogkaya pulya, or L-bullet, had a ballistic coefficient of approximately 0.338 and of approximately 0.185.

Sniper rounds

To increase accuracy for the Dragunov SVD, the Soviets developed the 7N1 variant of the cartridge in 1966. The 7N1 was developed by V. M. Sabelnikov, P. P. Sazonov and V. M. Dvorianinov. It used match-grade extruded powder instead of the coarser ball propellant and had a boat-tailed FMJ jacketed projectile with an air pocket, a steel core and a lead knocker in the base for maximum terminal effect. It had a ballistic coefficient of approximately 0.411 and of approximately 0.206. Produced by "Factory 188", cartridges are only head-stamped with the number "188" and the year of manufacture. It came packaged 20 loose rounds to a paper packet, 22 packets to a metal "spam" tin, and two tins per wooden case, for a total of 880 rounds. The individual paper packets, hermetically sealed metal 'spam' cans, and wooden shipping crates were all distinctly marked Снайперская. Even the wax wrapping paper for the paper packets was covered in red text to make sure it was not misused.
As hard body armor saw increasing use in militaries, the 7N1 was replaced in 1999 by the 7N14 special load developed for the SVD. The 7N14 round is loaded with a projectile containing a sharp hardened steel penetrator to improve penetration which is fired with an average muzzle velocity of, for a muzzle energy of.

Cartridge dimensions

The 7.62×54mmR has a 4.16 mL cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under challenging conditions.
7.62×54mmR maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters.
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 18.5 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm, 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm, Ø grooves = 7.92 mm, land width = 3.81 mm and the primer type is Berdan or very rarely Boxer.
According to the official C.I.P. rulings the 7.62×54mmR can handle up to Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 7.62×54mmR-chambered arms in C.I.P.-regulated countries are currently proof tested at PE piezo pressure.

Performance

The attainable muzzle velocities and muzzle energies of the 7.62×54mmR are comparable with standard 7.62×51mm NATO cartridges. However, a rimmed case such as the one used in the 7.62×54mmR cartridge can complicate smooth feeding within box magazines, but they are by no means unreliable.
When used with modern hunting bullets, the 7.62×54mmR is capable of taking game in the medium- to large-sized class. The 7.62×54mmR can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with a high sectional density. In Russia, the 7.62×54mmR is commonly used for hunting purposes, mostly in sporterized Mosin–Nagant rifles and civil Dragunov variants.

Basic specifications of 21st century Russian service loads

The 7.62×54mmR rounds in use with the Russian Armed Forces are designed for machine guns and sniper rifles. As of 2003, there were several variants of 7.62×54mmR rounds produced for various purposes. All use clad metal as case material.
;57-N-323S
;7N13
;7T2
;7BZ3
;7N1
Cartridge designation
57-N-323S7N13 7T2 7BZ3 7N1
Cartridge weight
Bullet weight
Muzzle velocity
Muzzle energy
Accuracy of fire at

  • R50 at means the closest 50% of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at.
  • R100 at means every shot of the shot group will be within a circle of the mentioned diameter at.

Availability

7.62×54mmR is widely available both as military surplus and new production, but less so for match-grade rounds. Most surplus ammunition is steel-cased and uses Berdan primers, which effectively hinders its use for handloading. However, with the increased popularity of surplus Eastern-bloc Mosin–Nagant, SVT-40, and PSL rifles in the United States, Boxer-primed ammunition and unfired cases are increasingly available; these cases take large rifle primers.

Cartridge derivatives

USSR/Russia

Russia also produces similar derivative cartridges based on the original case dimensions of the 7.62x54mmR cartridge for hunting and sport.6.5×54mmR: necked-down version, used in both converted Mosin biathlon rifles and Vostok-brand biathlon rifles in the 1960s and 1970.9×53mmR: hunting cartridge.9.6×53mmR Lancaster: hunting cartridge.

Finland

In 1809, Finland had been absorbed by the Russian Empire after wars with Sweden. After Russia's adoption of the 1891 Mosin-Nagant rifle in 7.62x54mmR, Imperial armories in Finland had received stocks of the new rifle. When, in 1917 the Russian Empire fell, Finland declared independence in December and those armories became Finnish. Soon thereafter, and especially after World War 2, captured Russian and Finnish military surplus 7.62x54R rifles became available to Finnish sportsmen and subsistence hunters. At one point the Finnish Government became concerned that there were too many wounded and escaped game animals that had not been humanely and quickly taken using the surplus military ammunition. Particularly when hunting large game such as moose and bear. They banned the use of the 7.62x53mmR and 7.62x54mmR for such game. Finnish gunsmiths and cartridge companies then developed different derivative cartridges by "necking up" the case to accept larger diameter or "caliber" bullets for more humane hunting of large game: the 8.2x53mmR and the 9.3x53mmR. Both bullet diameters or calibers were, and still are, common calibers for hunting rifles in Europe and much of the rest of the world.7.62×53mmR: military cartridge. Considered identical to 7.62×54mmR by some manufacturers, but not by CIP due to bullet being specified as.308 vs.312 caliber.8.2×53mmR: hunting cartridge.9.3×53mmR: hunting cartridge.

List of 7.62×54mmR firearms

Rifles

Machine guns

Alternative names

While the only official nomenclature for the cartridge is 7.62×54R, some shooters in the U.S. have confused the "R" as an abbreviation for "Russian" due to the round's origin.
  • 7.62×54R
  • 7.62 Russian
  • 7.62 Mosin–Nagant
  • 7.62 Dragunov
  • 7.62 M91
  • .30 Russian
  • Rimmed Russian