3D-printed firearm
A 3D-printed firearm is a firearm that is partially or primarily produced with a 3D printer. While plastic printed firearms are associated with improvised firearms, or the politics of gun control, digitally-produced metal firearms are more associated with commercial manufacturing or experiments in traditional firearms design.
Although it is possible to create fully-printed plastic firearms and silencers, these tend to have short working lives. 3D-printed gun culture is built around the printing of open-source firearm frames and receivers, the use of standard, metal commercial components, and other parts that can be made or purchased in a parts kit.
While 3D-printed parts are made in the development and production of conventional firearms, they are more commonly associated with homemade firearms and the 3D2A movement in American gun politics. 3D-printed parts complicate the debates regarding high-capacity magazine and assault weapon bans, as well as federal regulations like the ATF's pistol brace rule.
History
In May 2013, the American company Defense Distributed published plans for the first complete firearm that could be downloaded and reproduced by anyone with a desktop 3D printer. Defense Distributed also designed the first generation of 3D-printed AR-15–type rifle receivers and magazines. With these early online publications, the United States Department of State demanded removal of the files from the company's website DEFCAD, deeming the activity a violation of the Arms Export Control Act. In 2015, Defense Distributed sued the State Department on free speech grounds, and in 2018, the Department of Justice settled, acknowledging the American right to publish instructions for the production of 3D-printed firearms online.Legal action against Defense Distributed inspired the creation of additional decentralized 3D-printed firearm communities, including FOSSCAD and Deterrence Dispensed, in 2019. Members of these communities are generally anonymous, and are often based in non-U.S. jurisdictions.
In October 2020, Jacob Duygu, a Kurdish German gun designer known by the pseudonym "JStark1809" released the FGC-9, which became the world's most popular printed gun. A second model was later made in April 2021, and both could be made in a matter of weeks with less than $500 in tools and materials.
Rebels in the 2021 phase of the Myanmar Civil War used 3D-printed firearms against the military junta, but frequency lessened as funds and conventional weaponry became more available.
In December 2024, UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson was allegedly killed with a printed pistol and printed silencer. The gun appears to be a "Chairmanwon V1", a minor tweak of the 2021 Glock design "FMDA 19.2" published by Deterrence Dispensed and The Gatalog.
Effect on gun control
After Defense Distributed released its first generation of files, world media questioned the effects that 3D printing and widespread, consumer-level CNC machining would have on international gun control laws.The U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Joint Regional Intelligence Center released a memo stating "Significant advances in three-dimensional printing capabilities, availability of free digital 3D printer files for firearms components, and difficulty regulating file sharing may present public safety risks from unqualified gun seekers who obtain or manufacture 3D-printed guns," and that "proposed legislation to ban 3D printing of weapons may deter, but cannot completely prevent their production. Even if the practice is prohibited by new legislation, online distribution of these digital files will be as difficult to control as any other illegally traded music, movie or software files."
Internationally, where gun controls are generally tighter than in the United States, some commentators have said the impact may be more strongly felt, as alternative firearms are not as easily obtainable. European officials have noted that producing a 3D-printed gun would be illegal under their gun control laws, and that criminals have access to other sources of weapons, but noted that as the technology improved the risks of an effect would increase. Downloads of the plans from the UK, Germany, Spain, and Brazil were heavy.
Attempting to restrict the distribution over the Internet of gun plans has been likened to the futility of preventing the widespread distribution of DeCSS which enabled DVD ripping. After the U.S. government had Defense Distributed take down the plans, they were still widely available via The Pirate Bay and other file sharing sites. Some US legislators have proposed regulations on 3D printers to prevent their use for printing guns. 3D printing advocates have suggested that such regulations would be futile, could cripple the 3D printing industry, and could infringe on free speech rights.
3D printing pioneer Professor Hod Lipson suggested that gunpowder could be controlled instead.
Chelsea Parsons at the Center for American Progress advocated technical countermeasures designed to prevent owners from printing guns. The EURion constellation is used in a similar way to prevent color photocopiers from producing counterfeit currency, and the Counterfeit Deterrence System is used in image editing software.
In 2022, 3D-printing led to the proliferation of the Glock switch, which converts a Glock pistol into a select-fire machine pistol. The ATF commented in February 2023 that converted Glocks were found "on a weekly basis".
Legal status
Australia
In Australia, the state law of New South Wales criminalizes the possession of the digital plans and files to 3D print firearms under Section 51F of the Firearms Act 1996. In one case in 2015, a loaded, 3D-printed firearm was found during a police raid on a meth lab.In another case in February 2017, Sicen Sun was arrested on charges related to 3D printable guns. During trial in December 2017, he pleaded guilty to charges including possessing a digital blueprint for the manufacture of firearms, manufacturing a pistol without a licence permit, and possessing an unauthorised pistol. In a sentence hearing on August 6, 2018, he told the court he initially wanted to replicate a gun from the videogame Halo and when he started searching blueprints online he downloaded plans for other guns which looked "cool". Sun had previously posted an advertisement on the internet to sell one of his imitation weapons for "$1 million negotiable" on a Facebook buy, swap and sell group, which set off the investigation.
Canada
The Canadian Criminal Code makes it a crime for a person to manufacture any firearm or ammunition knowing that the person is not authorized to do so under Canadian laws or regulations. Authorizations to manufacture can be obtained, for example, as a capability attached to a firearms business license. The Canadian government moreover has stated that "regardless of manufacturing method, a business licence is required to produce a firearm". At least two separate cases during 2020 have led to charges for 3D printing of firearms.In 2023 a further ban was placed on computer data pertaining to certain firearms and prohibited devices, making it illegal to 1) possess or access such data for the purpose of manufacturing or trafficking, and/or 2) distribute such data knowing that the computer data are intended to be used for the purpose of manufacturing or trafficking. This ban was targeted at 3D printed firearms, but legally includes any other manufacturing method, and includes prohibited devices.
Germany
The Halle synagogue shooting gained particular notoriety for the use of improvised firearms by the perpetrator. 3D printed magazines and a hybrid gun with a 3D printed lower receiver were carried by the shooter, though left unused. The shooter was later found to have 3D printed several additional guns. This sparked questions over the legal status of such firearms, though the consensus in most parties represented in the Bundestag was that no additional legislation would be necessary, as the current German gun law explicitly prohibits the unlicensed manufacture of firearms regardless of method.Italy
3D-printed firearms in Italy are subjected to the same laws as typical gunsmithed firearms, only requiring a license, as long as the firearms stay within legal limits. In November 2021, it was reported that in Naples and other areas of Campania, the local Camorra has begun using 3D-printed firearms and ammunition due to ease of access and for selling on to other gangs. This was found out via the discovery of videos and images on a seized iPhone of said firearms.Japan
In Japan, in May 2014, Yoshitomo Imura was the first person to be arrested for possessing printed guns. Imura had five guns, two of which were capable of being fired, but had no ammunition. Imura had previously posted blueprints and video of his Zig Zag revolvers to the Internet, which set off the investigation.Singapore
The Singaporean government passed a law in January 2021 that made it an offence for anyone in Singapore to possess a digital blueprint of a gun or gun part without a license under the Guns, Explosives and Weapons Control Act.United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the Firearms Act 1968 bans the manufacturing of guns and gun parts without government approval. Hence, 3D printed weapons are de facto banned because the law bans all manufacturing, regardless of method. However, the Home Office updated its Guide on Firearms Licensing Law to specifically mention the ban on 3D printed weapons.In June 2019, Tendai Muswere, aged 26, became the first person in the United Kingdom charged with making a gun with a 3D printer. The firearm in question, which he claims was merely a prop for a dystopian film he was working on, was found during a raid following claims he was growing and selling cannabis. Originally in October 2017, he claimed he was only printing gun-like models, however in February 2018, following another raid, it was found his intentions were to make a working firearm based on his browser history and some working gun components found in his house along with homemade gunpowder.