2 Kings 22


2 Kings 22 is the twenty-second chapter of the second part of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Josiah, the king of Judah, especially the discovery of the Book of the Law during the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 20 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Biblical Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex, Codex Leningradensis, and the Codex Cairensis.
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Old Testament references

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    Analysis

A parallel pattern of sequence is observed in the final sections of 2 Kings between 2 Kings 11–20 and 2 Kings 21–25, as follows:
2 Kings 22–23:30 mainly contains the story of Josiah's actions of his eighteenth year and the discovery of the book of the law as grouped based on five royal initiatives :
  1. Discovery of the book
  2. Inquiry about the book
  3. Covenant and the book
  4. Reforms from the book
  5. Passover from the book

    Josiah king of Judah (22:1–7)

The account of Josiah ben Amon as the king of Judah is bracketed by the introductory regnal form in 2 Kings 22:1–2 and the concluding regnal form in 2 Kings 23:28–30, as the body in 2 Kings 22:3–23:27 highlights the religious reform and national restoration. The life of Josiah shows some similarities to the life of Joash, king of Judah, in that:
  • both ascended the throne at a very young age
  • at the age of 18, both repaired the Temple, reversing the acts of the last ruler before them.
  • the key event in Josiah's reign was the discovery of the book of law in the temple by Hilkiah the priest, a person with similar stature as Jehoiada, the priest in Joash's reign.
In 625 BCE Babylon achieved independence under Nabopolassar and in 612 BCE took the Assyrian capital Nineveh. This situation enables the kingdom of Judah, not under the threat of the Assyrians anymore, could make internal changes, including religious reforms.
records the instruction of Josiah, through the scribe Shaphan ben Azaliah ben Meshullam, to the high priest Hilkiah to lead the renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Verse 3

  • "Shaphan", son of Azaliah, a scribe or secretary of Josiah's court who was mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible. He had at least sons named in the Hebrew Bible: Ahikam, Elasah, Gemariah and Jaazaniah, who was among the idol worshippers seen in vision of Ezekiel. His grandson were Micaiah, the son of Gemariah and Gedaliah, the son of Ahikam, the short-lived governor of Judah appointed by Nebuchadnezzar after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. The name "Shaphan" is attested in a bullae discovered during the excavations at the City of David headed by Israeli archeologist Yigal Shiloh in the layer of destruction by the Babylonians in ca. 586 BCE, with the inscription belonging to Gemaryahu ben Shaphan, identified with "Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe", although it is equally possible that there is no connection between the names found on the bullae and the person mentioned in the Bible.
  • "Azaliah, the son of Meshullam" may be attested by a bulla with the inscription "belonging to Azaliahu son of Meshullam" according to archaeologist Nahman Avigad.

    The Book of the Law was discovered (22:8–13)

Hilkiah reported to Shaphan about the discovery of a book of Torah in the temple during the renovations.. Critical studies suggest that the discovered book was Deuteronomy or its core, which contains the speech made by Moses shortly before his death and might include some older materials as well. The closing admonitions, the strict demand for the exclusive worship of YHWH and the cultic veneration of YHWH alone in the central holy site of Jerusalem would impress Josiah, and rules such as the social laws of Deuteronomy would become state law during his reign. Shaphan's report to King Josiah concerning the discovery of the Torah scroll and read the document, causing Josiah's distress on hearing the words and his command to a delegation including Hilkiah the priest, Shaphan the scribe, and others to make an inquiry of YHWH to determine the significance of this discovery, which led them to the home of the prophetess, Huldah, wife of Shallum ben Harhas, the keeper of garments.

Verse 8

  • "Hilkiah" : Hilkiah's preaching may have encouraged Josiah to restore the worship of Yahweh as God of the Israelites in the kingdom of Judah. The name is attested in extra-biblical sources by at least two artifacts: a clay bulla found in 1980 inscribed with the text " to Hanan, son Hilkiah the priest" in reversed paleo-Hebrew letters so the letters would read properly when impressed in a lump of clay; a bulla found in the eastern slope of Jerusalem during excavations in 1982 with the inscription: " to Azaryah, son Hilkiah". Both seals seem to be engraved by the same master engraver. Both owners likely held a sacerdotal function in the Temple of Jerusalem, with Azaryah becoming the successor of Hilkiah as high priest. Hilkiah may also be the father of prophet Jeremiah or Jeremiah of Libnah, and would have lived in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin.

    Verse 12

  • Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 34:20
  • "Achbor the son of Michaiah": written as "Abdon the son of Micah" in 2 Chronicles 34:20.
  • "Asaiah, a servant of king's" may be attested by a seal with the inscription Asayahu servant of the king from the period of Josiah's reign.

    Huldah's prophecy (22:14–20)

The prophetess Huldah pointed out the inevitability that the kingdom of Judah would suffer destruction because of the people's apostasy, although she showed supports for Josiah's reforms and indicated that Josiah's righteousness would earn him a peaceful death before the catastrophe struck.

Verse 20

  • "Gather you to your fathers" or "Cause you to join your ancestors in death"

    Archaeology

Two ostraca were found in 1997 that seems to strengthen the evidence for a temple renovation during the reign of Josiah, but these artifacts did not come from regular excavations, so there is a suspicion of modern forgery. The first ostracon has a five-line inscription that records a royal contribution of three shekel of silver by a king ʾAshyahu to the temple of Yahweh to be made through a royal functionary named Zakaryahu, dated by palaeography to the time of Josiah. The name "Ashyahu" is determined as a short form of Yo’shiyahu. The second ostracon contains a widow's plea about an inheritance which mentions Josiah's name and a short quote from.

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