1 Kings 21


1 Kings 21 is the 21st chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of the Omrides. The focus of this chapter is the reign of king Ahab in the northern kingdom.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 29 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis.
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Ahab's and Jezebel's judicial murder of Naboth (21:1–16)

In ancient Israel the farming families were legally protected of landownership, so they have a secure economic existence and thus firm citizen's rights by the allocation of sufficient land. The farmer Naboth had thus the right as well as the duty to bequeath his land to his family and not to outsiders, to inhibit the alienation of family property. King Ahab was to abide to this rule, but this passage shows 'how unscrupulously the king's power over the civilian rights could still be used and how compliant the lay assessors' court was to his wishes', especially when it was driven by a queen originated from abroad and did not respect Israelite ethics. In any case, the scandal of Naboth was still an individual case, whereas the theft of land by the ruling class 100 years later would become an economic principle.

Verse 1

  • "Vineyard which was in Jezreel": In 2012, the Jezreel Expedition under the direction of Dr. Norma Franklin of the University of Haifa uncovered at the foot of Tel Jezreel a prominent ancient winery that was operating during the ninth-century BCE time of Naboth. It is a 40-square-foot wine-making complex, complete with a large treading floor, deep vats and a basin, located below a large building related to some kind of military use, also dated roughly to the ninth century BCE. The large building matches the definition of which refers to a “large, important building, possibly of a military or religious nature”—not necessarily a palace. It is suggested that this ancient winery could be Naboth's vineyard, which was located next to Ahab's "palace" in Jezreel.

    Elijah's judgement against Ahab and his court (21:17–29)

The evil act towards Naboth required someone to confront the king and under such circumstances this was normally a prophet, such as Elijah who suddenly stood before king Ahab in the vineyards of Naboth. After briefly listening to Ahab's surprised question, Elijah firmly threw his accusation, and immediately announced the judgement. Elijah must have scolded Ahab in a lengthy speech repeating the king's religious failings. Ahab's response as a repentant sinner postponed his judgement to the next generation. The reference in 2 Kings 9:36–37 ascertains the fulfilment of the prophecy. A parallel rendering of this story can be found in 2 Kings 9:25–26.