1 Kings 13


1 Kings 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah: this chapter focusses on the reign of Jeroboam in the northern kingdom.

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 34 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis, Aleppo Codex, and Codex Leningradensis.
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.

Old Testament references

  • : ;

    Jeroboam’s hand withers (13:1–10)

Jeroboam's 'illegitimate cult activities' at the 'illegitimate holy site' of Bethel was exposed by a prophet from Judah who was loyal to YHWH and demonstrated that the miraculous power of God was superior to a king. The conflict in Bethel may lead to the story of prophet Amos' appearance in Bethel. The anonymous prophet foretold the end of Jeroboam's dynasty and the northern kingdom, that only the 'house of David' would remain to take action against the high places in Bethel. The broken altar provided a sign that the prophecy is true, whereas Jeroboam's withered hand showed the impotence of the king against the prophetic word.

Verse 2

  • "Josiah": the sixteenth king of Judah who launch a "Deuteronomic reform" to remove high places in northern and southern territories of Israel during his reign. There is an interval of about 330 years between the accession of Jeroboam and the accession of Josiah, so the mention of Josiah who would fulfill the prophecy of vengeance is remarkable among the predictions of the Old Testament, so some have speculated that this verse as well as other parts of the story of this chapter were compiled into their present form at a later date than Jeroboam.

    The old prophet and the man of God (13:11–34)

The second narrative of the chapter deals with the meeting between two prophets to address the question "who can decide who is right when two prophets speak, claiming God's authority, yet contradict each other?". In the story, the 'true' prophet allowed himself to be deceived by the 'false' prophet and paid for it with his life, so that his death convinced skeptics of the 'true' prophet's relationship to God. As the previous passage, the focus of the story was 'the holy site in Bethel and its altar', both of which were contaminated by 'Jeroboam's sin': the prophet's word immediately destroyed the altar and the holy site would be abolished 300 years later by King Josiah, while the common grave of both prophets was preserved. Another point of the story is that God requires 'complete and radical obedience' to what he has commanded, not to be swayed by another's claim that God had spoken through the other person.

Verses 31–32

  • "Samaria": Israel's future capital city here which was built and named several years after this event ; here stands for the northern kingdom as a whole. It is likely that the author of Kings, writing at a later time, is adapting the old prophet's original statement to the contemporary geography.