Diocese of Nantes
The Diocese of Nantes is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Nantes, France. The diocese consists of the department of Loire-Atlantique. It has existed since the 4th century. It is now suffragan of the Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo, having previously been suffragan to the Archdiocese of Tours. The seat of the bishop is the Cathedral of S. Pierre in the city of Nantes.
In 2021, in the Diocese of Nantes there was one priest for every 3,802 Catholics.
History
According to late traditions, Saint Clarus, first Bishop of Nantes, was a disciple of Saint Peter. Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, however, has shown that the ritual of the Church of Nantes, drawn up by Helias the precentor in 1263, ignores the apostolic mission of Saint Clarus, and also that Saint Peter's nail in Nantes Cathedral was not brought there by Saint Clarus, but at a time subsequent to the invasions of the Northmen in the 10th century. He showed further that Felix of Nantes, writing with six other bishops in 567 to Saint Radegund, attributed to Martin of Vertou the chief role in the conversion of the Nantais to Christianity, and that the traditions concerning the mission of Saint Clarus are later than 1400.The earliest list of the bishops of Nantes does not favour the thesis of a bishop of Nantes prior to Constantine I. The author of the Passion of Donatian and Rogatian, martyrs of Nantes, places their death in the reign of Constantius Chlorus, and seems to believe that Rogatian could not be baptized, because the bishop was absent. Duchesne believes that the two saints suffered at an earlier date, and disputes the inference of the ancient writer concerning the absence of the bishop. The first bishop of Nantes whose date is certain is Desiderius, correspondent of Sulpicius Severus and Paulinus of Nola. The Saint Aemilianus supposed to have been Bishop of Nantes in Charlemagne's reign and to have fought the Saracens in Burgundy is considered legendary.
Among the noteworthy bishops is Felix, whose municipal improvements at Nantes were praised in the poems of Venantius Fortunatus, and who often mediated between the people of Brittany and the Frankish kings. Bishop Gohardus was killed by the Northmen in 843, with the monks of the monastery of Aindre.
Another was Bishop Actardus, who was driven out of his see by Prince Nominoe because he opposed Nominoe's moves to make himself king of Brittany and dominate the church in northwestern France. Nominoe attempted to create a new ecclesiastical province, depose opposition bishops, and create new dioceses, separate from the province of Tours and centered on Dol. With regard to his interference at Nantes, Nominoe received a sharp letter from Pope Leo IV, exhorting him to cease his support of his usurper Gislard, and support the true bishop, Actardus. During his son's reign, the Breton prince, in his conflict with the metropolitan see of Tours, created a see at Guérande 853, and filled it with the deposed usurper of the see of Nantes, who had been expelled. in favour of Gislard, an ecclesiastic of Vannes who had usurped the see of Nantes, at the western end of the diocese of Nantes.
Another notable bishop was the preacher Philippe Cospeau, who had been a professor at the Sorbonne and at the University of Paris.
Françoise d'Amboise, who became Duchess of Brittany in 1450, rebuilt the choir of the collegiate church of Notre-Dame, and founded at Nantes the monastery of the Poor Clares; she had a share in the canonization of Saint Vincent Ferrer, and was given one of the saint's fingers as a memento. Widowed in 1457, she resisted the intrigues of Louis XI, who urged her to contract a second marriage, and even attempted to persuade her personally during a pilgrimage to Redon in the Spring of 1462; she sought refuge in Nantes; in 1468 she became a Carmelite nun at Vannes. In 1477, at the request of Sixtus IV, she restored the Benedictine monastery of Couëts, near Nantes.
Gilles de Rais, marshall of France, executed in 1440 in the castle of Nantes, was buried in the chapel of the Carmelite house in Nantes.
Chapter and cathedral
The cathedral in Nantes is dedicated to Saint Peter. It was begun by Bishop Eumelius, and completed by Bishop Felix, who consecrated it in 568. It was destroyed by the Northmen. The first stone of a new cathedral was laid by Duke Jean V of Brittany on 14 April 1434. Building went slowly. The vaults of the nave were begun only in 1628. The choir screen was built between 1622 and 1659. The sacristy was added in 1772.The mausoleum of Francis II, Duke of Brittany in the cathedral, executed in 1507 by Michel Colomb, is one of the finest monuments of the Renaissance.
The cathedral is staffed and administered by a corporation called the Chapter. It consisted of six dignities and fourteen canons. Bishop Brice created seven canonicates on 2 August 1137. The deanship was founded 1307, by Bishop Daniel Vigier. The cantorship was established by Pope Pius II in 1460. The scholasticus was founded on July 1471, and the office of penitentiary around 1630. The Dean and the canon of La Psallette are appointed by the bishop. All the others are appointed alternatively by the Pope and the bishop.
Councils and synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.Councils were held at Nantes, in 600 and 1127. A provincial council was held at Nantes by Archbishop Vincent de Pirmil of Tours on the Tuesday after the Feast of Ss. Peter and Paul in 1264; it issued nine canons.
Bishop Daniel Vigier established a regulation, stating that there would be a general synod every year at Pentecost, and study conferences for clergy on the Feast of St. Luke, at Christmas, and during Lent.
Bishop Jean de Montrelais held a diocesan synod in 1387, and published statutes. At Pentecost 1389, Bishop Jean de Montrelais held a diocesan synod, and published twenty statutes. In September 1389, Bishop Jean held a diocesan synod, and published the statutes. Bishop Henri le Barbu remarked after Pentecost 1406 that he had held more than one diocesan synod. On 24 October 1408, Bishop Henri's vicars held a synod. On the Thursday after Pentecost 1409, Bishop Henri himself presided over a synod.
A provincial council was held in Nantes on 23 April 1431, by Archbishop Philippe de Coëtquis of Tours. In 1445, Bishop Guillaume de Malestroit presided over a diocesan synod, and over another in 1446, in both cases issuing statutes. Bishop Pierre du Chaffault held a diocesan synod on the Thursday after Pentecost, 14 May 1478, and issued statutes. He held another on the Thursday after Pentecost, 10 June 1481. A synod was held on 23 May 1499 by the Vicars-General of Bishop Jean d'Espinay. Bishop François Hamon held a diocesan synod in 1529. Bishop Antoine de Créquy held synods in 1555, 1556, 1558, and 1560.
Bishop Gabriel de Beauvau held a diocesan synod in 1638. He held another on 12 June 1642, and published the statutes of the diocese. Another synod was held on 24 May 1646, under the authority of Bishop de Beauvau, by his vicar-general; it issued five statutes, including arrangements for financing a new seminary.
University of Nantes
Despite the fact that a university already existed at Angers, 89 km. to the east, John V, Duke of Brittany, had conceived a plan to create a university in Nantes, which he communicated to Pope John XXIII. The pope responded on 1 August 1414, not with a university charter, but with a grant of one-third of all the ecclesiastical revenues within the duchy for a period of one year. These were to fund the payment of salaries to teachers. Nothing seems to have come of this effort, but a bull, which has not survived, was signed by Pope Martin V. It too seems to have come to nothing. Duke John V died in 1442 and was succeeded by his son Francis I.Pope Nicholas V issued another charter in 1449, in which he mentioned Martin V's charter; but this bull too had no effect, since Francis I died suddenly in 1450, leaving the ducal throne to his brother, Peter II, who died in 1457. Francis II, a nephew of John V, was able finally to realize the family project. On 4 April 1460, Pope Pius II issued another charter, and the next year a university was actually opened. The bishop of Nantes was to be the chancellor of the University. There were faculties of the Arts, Medicine, theology, Canon and Civil Law. The prosperity of the university did not long outlast the death of its patron in 1488. It was revived as a school of law in 1494, though that was transferred to Rennes in 1735. All institutions of higher learning became the property of the French state in 1791.
Seminary
After his synod of 12 June 1642, bishop Gabriel de Beauvau announced the establishment of a seminary for the diocese. Previous to this, candidates for the priesthood studied at home or in parish rectories, and were required to partake in a retreat of several days, conducted by the Oratorian fathers. In 1790, the establishment had 9 chambers for teachers, 76 dormitory rooms, with beds for 86 students.Irish seminary
A college was created at Nantes 1680, with the permission of Bishop Jean-François de Beauvau du Rivau, for the education of Irish ecclesiastics. In 1765, King Louis XV granted the college letters patent officially recognizing the college, which, he notes, took root with a large immigration of Irish clerics in 1685. The college was under the jurisdiction of the University of Nantes.Events at Nantes
The philosopher Peter Abelard was born in 1079 at La Pallet, 8 miles east of Nantes. The First Crusade was preached at Nantes in 1099 by Robert of Arbrissel, founder of the monastery of Fontevrault. The Abbey of La Meilleraye, founded in 1132, was the beginning of an establishment of Trappist Fathers, who played a part in the agricultural development of the country. Charles of Blois won Nantes from his rival Jean de Montfort in 1341. On 8 January 1499, Louis XII married Anne of Brittany at Nantes in the chapel of the château.Chateaubriant, a town of the diocese, was a Calvinist centre in the 16th century. The Edict of Nantes, which granted Protestants religious freedom and certain political prerogatives, was published at Nantes by order of King Henri IV.
The Maréchal de Thémines, governor of Brittany, died on 1 November 1627; his funeral was held in Nantes, though his remains were taken to his home town, Cahors, for burial. He was succeeded as governor of Brittany and Nantes by the Cardinal de Richelieu. Richelieu was made governor of the citadel of Nantes on 1 March 1632.
On 30 March 1654, Cardinal de Retz, who was struggling to maintain his right to the archbishopric of Paris against the opposition of the French court because he had been a leading Frondeur, was transferred from his imprisonment in the Chateau de Vincennes, and lodged in the castle of Nantes by order of Cardinal Mazarin and Louis XIV. He contrived to escape on 8 August 1654.