Larus


Larus is a large genus of gulls with worldwide distribution.
Many of its species are abundant and well-known birds in their ranges. Until about 2005–2007, most gulls were placed in this genus, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of the genera Chroicocephalus, Ichthyaetus, Hydrocoloeus, and Leucophaeus for many other species formerly included in Larus.
They are in general medium-large birds, typically pale grey to black above and white below and on the head, often with black markings with white spots on their wingtips and in a few species also some black on the tail. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet; in winter, the head is often streaked or smudged dark grey. The young birds are brown, and take three to five years to reach adult plumage, with subadult plumages intermediate between the young and adult.
The taxonomy of the large gulls in the herring and lesser black-backed complex is complicated, with different authorities recognising from two species in the past, increasingly up to eight species more recently.

Taxonomy

The genus Larus was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The genus name is from Ancient Greek laros or Latin larus, which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird.
The type species is the great black-backed gull. The Latin name Larus marinus translates as "sea gull", and the gulls in this genus generally are the species most often known colloquially as "seagulls".

Species

The genus contains 25 extant species.

Fossils

s of Larus gulls are known from the Middle Miocene, about 20-15 million years ago; allocation of earlier fossils to this genus is generally rejected. Biogeography of the fossil record suggests that the genus evolved in the northern Atlantic and spread globally during the Pliocene, when species diversity seems to have been highest, as with most seabirds.
  • Larus sp.
  • Larus sp.
  • Larus sp. - several species
  • Larus elmorei
  • Larus lacus
  • Larus perpetuus
  • Larus sp.
  • Larus oregonus
  • Larus robustus
  • Larus sp.
"Larus" raemdonckii is now at least tentatively believed to belong in the procellariiform genus Puffinus. "L." elegans and "L." totanoides are now in Laricola, while "L." dolnicensis was actually a pratincole; it is now placed in Mioglareola.
The Early Miocene "Larus" desnoyersii and "L." pristinus probably do not belong in this genus; the former may be a skua.

Ring species

The circumpolar group of Larus gull species has often been cited as a classic example of the ring species. The range of these gulls forms a ring around the North Pole. The European herring gull, which lives primarily in Great Britain and Northern Europe, can hybridize with the American herring gull, which can also interbreed with the Vega or East Siberian gull, the western subspecies of which, Birula's gull, can hybridize with Heuglin's gull which, in turn, can interbreed with the Siberian lesser black-backed gull. The last is the eastern representative of the lesser black-backed gulls back in northwestern Europe, including Great Britain. However, the lesser black-backed gulls and herring gull are sufficiently different that they rarely interbreed; thus, the group of gulls forms a continuum except in Europe, where the two lineages meet. However, a recent genetic study has shown that this example is far more complicated than presented here, and probably does not constitute a true ring species.