Echo (command)


echo is a shell command that writes input text to standard output. It is available in many operating system and shells. It is often used in a shell script to log status, provide feedback to the user and for debugging. For an interactive session, output by default displays on the terminal screen, but output can be re-directed to a file or piped to another process.
Many shells implement echo as a builtin command rather than an external application as are many other commands.
Multiple, incompatible implementations of echo exist in different shells. Some expand escape sequences by default, and some do not. Some accept options, and some do not. The POSIX specification leaves the behavior unspecified if the first argument is -n or any argument contains backslash characters while the Unix specification mandates the expansion of some sequences and does not allow any option processing. In practice, many echo implementations are not compliant in the default environment. Because of these variations, echo is considered a non-portable command and the printf command is preferred instead.

Implementations

The command is available the following shells or at least one shell of a listed operating system:
echo began within Multics. After it was programmed in C by Doug McIlroy as a "finger exercise" and proved to be useful, it became part of Version 2 Unix. echo -n in Version 7 replaced prompt,.
On PWB/UNIX and later Unix System III, echo started expanding C escape sequences such as \n with the notable difference that octal escape sequences were expressed as \0ooo instead of \ooo in C.
Eighth Edition Unix echo only did the escape expansion when passed a -e option, and that behaviour was copied by a few other implementations such as the builtin echo command of Bash or zsh and GNU echo.
On MS-DOS, the command is available in versions 2 and later.

Examples


C:\>echo Hello world
Hello world

Using ANSI escape code SGR sequences, compatible terminals can print out colored text.
Using a UNIX System III-style implementation:

BGRED=`echo "\03341m"`
FGBLUE=`echo "\033[35m"`
BGGREEN=`echo "\033[42m"`
NORMAL=`echo "\033[m"`

Or a Unix Version 8-style implementation :

BGRED=`echo -e "\033[41m"`
FGBLUE=`echo -e "\033[35m"`
BGGREEN=`echo -e "\033[42m"`
NORMAL=`echo -e "\033[m"`

and after:

echo "$ Text in [blue $"
echo "Text normal"
echo "$ Background in red"
echo "$ Background in Green and back to Normal $"

Portably with printf:

BGRED=`printf '\33[41m'`
NORMAL=`printf '\33[m'`
printf '%s\n' "$Text on red background$"