Emperor Tenji


Emperor Tenji, known first as Prince Katsuragi and later as Prince Nakano Ōe until his accession, was the 38th emperor of Japan who reigned from 668 to 671. He was the son of Emperor Jomei and Empress Kōgyoku, and his children included Empress Jitō, Empress Genmei, and Emperor Kōbun.
In 645, Tenji and Fujiwara no Kamatari defeated Soga no Emishi and Soga no Iruka. He established a new government and carried out political reforms. He then assumed real political power as the crown prince of both Emperor Kōtoku and Empress Saimei. Despite the death of Empress Saimei, he did not accede to the throne for seven years, and came to the throne only after the relocation of the capital to Ōmi in 668. He created Japan's first family register, the Kōgo Nenjaku, and the first code of law, the Ōmi Code.

Traditional narrative

Tenji was the son of Emperor Jomei, but was preceded as ruler by his mother Empress Saimei.
Prior to his accession, he was known as Prince Naka-no-Ōe.

Events of Tenji's life

As prince, Naka no Ōe played a crucial role in ending the near-total control the Soga clan had over the imperial family. In 644, seeing the Soga continue to gain power, he conspired with Nakatomi no Kamatari and Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa no Maro to assassinate Soga no Iruka in what has come to be known as the Isshi Incident. Although the assassination did not go exactly as planned, Iruka was killed, and his father and predecessor, Soga no Emishi, committed suicide soon after. Following the Isshi Incident, Iruka's adherents dispersed largely without a fight, and Naka no Ōe was named heir apparent. He also married the daughter of his ally Soga no Kurayamada, thus ensuring that a significant portion of the Soga clan's power was on his side.

Events of Tenji's reign

Naka no Ōe reigned as Emperor Tenji from 661 to 672.
  • 661: In the 3rd year of Saimei's reign, the empress designated her son as her heir; and modern scholars construe this as meaning that this son would have received the succession after her death or abdication. Shortly after, she died, and Emperor Tenji could be said to have acceded to the throne.
  • 662: Tenji is said to have compiled the first Japanese legal code known to modern historians. The Ōmi Code, consisting of 22 volumes, was promulgated in the last year of Tenji's reign. This legal codification is no longer extant, but it is said to have been refined in what is known as the Asuka Kiyomihara ritsu-ryō of 689; and these are understood to have been a forerunner of the Taihō ritsu-ryō of 701.
  • 663: Tenji invaded Korea in an attempt to support a revival of Japan's ally Paekche, one of Korea's Three Kingdoms, which had been conquered by the Korean kingdom of Silla in 660. He was seriously defeated at the Battle of Baekgang by the combined forces of Silla and Tang China.
  • 668: Tenji undergoes his ceremonial confirmation as emperor. He had postponed formalities during the period that the mausoleum of his mother was being constructed, and when the work was finished he could delay no longer. Up until this time, although he had been de facto monarch, he had retained the title of Crown Prince.
Tenji was particularly active in improving the military institutions established during the Taika Reforms.

Death of the emperor

Following his death in 672, there ensued a succession dispute between his fourteen children. In the end, he was succeeded by his son, Prince Ōtomo, also known as Emperor Kōbun, then by Tenji's brother Prince Ōama, also known as Emperor Tenmu. Almost one hundred years after Tenji's death, the throne passed to his grandson Emperor Kōnin.
The actual site of Tenji's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at Yamashina-ku, Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Tenji's mausoleum. It is formally named Yamashina no misasagi.

Poetry

The Man'yōshū includes poems attributed to emperors and empresses; and according to Donald Keene, evolving Man'yōshū studies have affected the interpretation of even simple narratives like "The Three Hills." The poem was long considered to be about two male hills in a quarrel over a female hill, but scholars now consider that Kagu and Miminashi might be female hills in love with the same male hill, Unebi. This still-unresolved enigma in poetic form is said to have been composed by Emperor Tenji while he was still Crown Prince during the reign of Empress Saimei:
One of his poems was chosen by Fujiwara no Teika as the first in the popular Hyakunin Isshu anthology:
After his death, his wife, Empress Yamato wrote a song of longing about her husband.

''Kugyo''

The top court officials during Emperor Tenji's reign included:
  • Daijō-daijin: Emperor Kōbun, 671–672.
  • Naishin : Fujiwara no Kamatari , 645–669.
Prince Ōtomo was the favorite son of Emperor Tenji; and he was also the first to be accorded the title of ''Daijō-daijin.''

Non''-nengō'' period

The years of Tenji's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō. The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – nengō – languished until Mommu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701.
In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame:

Consorts and children

Empress: Yamato Hime no Ōkimi, Prince Furuhito-no-Ōe's daughter.
Hin: Soga no Ochi-no-iratsume, Soga no Kura-no-yamada no Ishikawa-no-maro's daughter
  • First Daughter: Princess Ōta, married to Emperor Tenmu
  • Second Daughter: Princess Uno-no-sarara later Empress Jitō
  • Second Son:
Hin: Soga no Mei-no-iratsume, Soga no Kura-no-yamada no Ishikawa-no-maro's daughter
Hin: Soga no Hitachi-no-iratsume, Soga no Akae's daughter
Hin: Abe no Tachibana-no-iratsume, Abe no Kurahashi-maro's daughter
  • Princess Asuka, married to Prince Osakabe
  • Princess Niitabe, married to Emperor Tenmu
Court lady: Koshi-no-michi no Iratsume
Court lady : Yakako-no-iratsume, a lower court lady from Iga
  • First Son: Prince Ōtomo later Emperor Kōbun
  • Prince Abe
  • Princess Aga
Court lady: Oshinumi no Shikibuko-no-iratsume, Oshinumi Zokuryu's daughter
  • Third Son: Prince Kawashima
  • Princess Ōe, married to Emperor Tenmu
  • Princess Izumi, Saiō in Ise Shrine
Court lady: Kurikuma no Kurohime-no-iratsume, Kurikuma Tokuman's daughter
  • Princess Minushi

    Mausoleum

is a Kofun in that is the traditional burial site of Emperor Tenji. Specifically, it is an.
The Imperial Household Agency has limited access by the public out of respect for Emperor Tenji who they claim is buried there.

Popular culture

  • Emperor Tenji is portrayed by Ahn Hong-jin in the 2012–2013 KBS1 TV series Dream of the Emperor.