Hyperaccumulators table – 3

This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of, radionuclides, hydrocarbons and organic solvents, and inorganic compounds.
See also:

Contaminant	Accumulation rates	Latin name	English name	H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant	Notes	Sources
Cd		Athyrium yokoscense		Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn	Origin Japan
Cd	>100	Avena strigosa Schreb.	New-Oat Lopsided Oat or Bristle Oat
Cd	H-	Bacopa monnieri	Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop	Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb	Origin India; aquatic emergent species
Cd		Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn	Phytoextraction
Cd	A-	Brassica juncea L.	Indian mustard	Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pb, U, Zn	cultivated
Cd	H-	Vallisneria americana	Tape Grass	Cr, Cu, Pb	Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade
Cd	>100	Crotalaria juncea	Sunn or sunn hemp		High amounts of total soluble phenolics
Cd	H-	Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn. Also Cs, Sr, U and pesticides	Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'
Cd		Helianthus annuus	Sunflower		Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration
Cd	H-	Hydrilla verticillata	Hydrilla	Cr, Hg, Pb
Cd	H-	Lemna minor	Duckweed	Pb, Cu, Zn	Native to North America and widespread
Cd	T-	Pistia stratiotes	Water lettuce	Cu, Hg, Cr	Pantropical, Origin South U.S.A.; aquatic herb
Cd		Salix viminalis L.	Common Osier, Basket Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Pb, U, Zn ; Potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate
Cd		Spirodela polyrhiza	Giant Duckweed	Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn	Native to North America
Cd	>100	Tagetes erecta L.	African-tall		Tolerance only. Lipid peroxidation level increases; activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase are depressed.
Cd		Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine pennycress	Cr, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn	Phytoextraction. Its rhizosphere's bacterial population is less dense than with Trifolium pratense but richer in specific metal-resistant bacteria.
Cd	1000	Vallisneria spiralis	Eel grass		37 records of plants; origin India
Cs-137		Acer rubrum, Acer pseudoplatanus	Red maple, Sycamore maple	Pu-238, Sr-90	Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce.
Cs-137		Agrostis spp.	Agrostis spp.		Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137	up to 3000 Bq kg-1	Amaranthus retroflexus	Redroot Amaranth	Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn	Phytoextraction. Can accumulate radionuclides, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. Maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.
Cs-137		Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn	Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.
Cs-137		Brassica juncea	Indian mustard		Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.
Cs-137		Cerastium fontanum	Big Chickweed		Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola?	Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle	Sr-90, Cs-137	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Cocos nucifera	Coconut palm		Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Eichhornia crassipes	Water hyacinth	U, Sr. Also Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn and pesticides.
Cs-137		Eragrostis bahiensis	Bahia lovegrass		Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
Cs-137		Eucalyptus tereticornis	Forest redgum	Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Festuca arundinacea	Tall fescue		Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Festuca rubra	Fescue		Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides
Cs-137		Glomus mosseae as chelating agent	Mycorrhizal fungi		Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
Cs-137		Glomus intradices	Mycorrhizal fungi		Glomus mosseae as chelating agent. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.
Cs-137	4900-8600	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	U, Sr	Accumulates up to 8 times more Cs-137 than timothy or foxtail. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs-137 in its roots than in the biomass above ground.
Cs-137		Larix	Larch		Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. 20% of the translocated caesium into new leaves resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the Chernobyl accident.
Cs-137		Liquidambar styraciflua	American Sweet Gum	Pu-238, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip tree	Pu-238, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Lolium multiflorum	Italian Ryegrass	Sr	Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. Clay, sand, silt and compost.
Cs-137		Lolium perenne	Perennial ryegrass		Can accumulate radionuclides
Cs-137		Panicum virgatum	Switchgrass
Cs-137		Phaseolus acutifolius	Tepary Beans	Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn	Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents
Cs-137		Phalaris arundinacea L.	Reed canary grass	Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.	Phytoextraction
Cs-137		Picea abies	Spruce		Conc. about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood, 1.5–4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves.
Cs-137		Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa	Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine	Sr-90. Also petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products	Copper flower		27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.
Co	H-	Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine pennycress	Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn	Phytoextraction
Pu-238		Acer rubrum	Red maple	Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Pu-238		Liquidambar styraciflua	American Sweet Gum	Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Pu-238		Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip tree	Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Ra					No reports found for accumulation
Sr		Acer rubrum	Red maple	Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Cd, Cs, Ni, Zn	Phytoextraction
Sr		Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola?	Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle	Sr-90, Cs-137	Can accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cs-137, U-234, 235, 238. Also Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn and pesticides.	In pH of 9, accumulates high concentrations of Sr-90 with approx. 80 to 90% of it in its roots
Sr		Eucalyptus tereticornis	Forest redgum	Cs-137	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr	H-?	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower		Accumulates radionuclides; high absorption rate. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration
Sr		Liquidambar styraciflua	American Sweet Gum	Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip tree	Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Sr		Lolium multiflorum	Italian Ryegrass	Cs	Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more Cs-137 and Sr-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. clay, sand, silt and compost.
Sr	1.5-4.5 % in their shoots	Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa	Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine	Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cs-137	Phytocontainment. Accumulate 1.5-4.5 % of Sr-90 in their shoots.
Sr		Apiaceae	Carrot or parsley family		Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides
Sr		Fabaceae	Legume, pea, or bean family		Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides
U		Amaranthus	Amaranth	Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pb, Zn	Citric acid chelating agent and see note. Cs: maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.
U		Brassica juncea, Brassica chinensis, Brassica narinosa	Cabbage family	Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pb, Zn	Citric acid chelating agent increases uptake 1000 times, and see note
U-234, 235, 238		Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cs-137, Sr-90. Also Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, and pesticides.
U-234, 235, 238	95% of U in 24 hours.	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower		Accumulates radionuclides; At a contaminated wastewater site in Ashtabula, Ohio, 4 wk-old splants can remove more than 95% of uranium in 24 hours. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration.
U		Juniperus	Juniper		Accumulates U in his roots
U		Picea mariana	Black Spruce		Accumulates U in his twigs
U		Quercus	Oak		Accumulates U in his roots
U		Kail? and/or Salsola?	Russian thistle
U		Salix viminalis	Common Osier	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, Zn ; potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate
U		Silene vulgaris	Bladder campion
U		Zea mays	Maize
U	A-?
Radionuclides		Tradescantia bracteata	Spiderwort		Indicator for radionuclides: the stamens become pink when exposed to radionuclides
Benzene		Chlorophytum comosum	spider plant
Benzene		Ficus elastica	rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush
Benzene		Kalanchoe blossfeldiana	Kalanchoe		seems to take benzene selectively over toluene.
Benzene		Pelargonium x domesticum	Germanium
BTEX		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation
DDT		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation
Dieldrin		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation
Endosulfan		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, PCP, Pentachloronitro-benzène	Phytostimulation
Fluoranthene		Cyclotella caspia ''''			Approximate rate of biodegradation on 1st day: 35%; on 6th day: 85%.
Hydrocarbons		Cynodon dactylon Pers.	Bermuda grass		Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 68% after 1 year
Hydrocarbons		Festuca arundinacea	Tall fescue		Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 62% after 1 year
Hydrocarbons		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Hydrocarbons		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn ; Potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate
MTBE		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
MTBE		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn ; Potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate
Organic solvents		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Organic solvents		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn ; Potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction. phytocontainment. Perchlorate
Organic solvents		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products. Also Cs-137, Sr-90	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
Organic solvents		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products; Cd, Pb, U, Zn ; Potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction. phytocontainment. Perchlorate
PCNB		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, PCP	Phytostimulation
Potassium ferrocyanide	8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass	Salix babylonica L.	Weeping Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products ; Cd, Pb, U, Zn ; Potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate. No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. A large fraction of initial mass was metabolized during transport within the plant.
Potassium ferrocyanide	8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass	Salix matsudana Koidz, Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L.	Hankow Willow, Hybrid Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products ; Cd, Pb, U, Zn.	No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration.
PCB		Rosa spp.	Paul's Scarlet Rose		Phytodegradation
PCP		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzène	Phytostimulation
TCE		Chlorophytum comosum	spider plant		Seems to lower the removal rates of benzene and methane.
TCE and by-products		Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE. Also Cs-137, Sr-90	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides
TCE and by-products		Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, MTBE; Cd, Pb, U, Zn ; Potassium ferrocyanide	Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate
		Musa (genus)	Banana tree		Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration.
		Cyperus papyrus	Papyrus		Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration
			Taros		Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration
		Brugmansia spp.	Angel's trumpet		Semi-anaerobic, good for rhizofiltration
		Caladium	Caladium		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Caltha palustris	Marsh marigold		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Iris pseudacorus	Yellow Flag, paleyellow iris		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Mentha aquatica	Water Mint		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Scirpus lacustris	Bulrush		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration
		Typha latifolia	Broadleaf cattail		Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration

Hyperaccumulators table – 3

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