Floppy disk controller
A floppy disk controller is a hardware component that directs and controls reading from and writing to a computer's floppy disk drive. It has evolved from a discrete set of components on one or more circuit boards to a special-purpose integrated circuit or a component thereof. An FDC is responsible for reading data presented from the host computer and converting it to the drive's on-disk format using one of a number of encoding schemes, like FM encoding or MFM encoding, and reading those formats and returning it to its original binary values.
Depending on the platform, data transfers between the controller and host computer would be controlled by the computer's own microprocessor, or an inexpensive dedicated microprocessor like the MOS 6507 or Zilog Z80. Early controllers required additional circuitry to perform specific tasks like providing clock signals and setting various options. Later designs included more of this functionality on the controller and reduced the complexity of the external circuitry; single-chip solutions were common by the later 1980s.
By the 1990s, the floppy disk was increasingly giving way to hard drives, which required similar controllers. In these systems, the controller also often combined a microcontroller to handle data transfer over standardized connectors like SCSI and IDE that could be used with any computer. In more modern systems, the FDC, if present at all, is typically part of the many functions provided by a single super I/O chip.
History
The first floppy disk drive controller like the first floppy disk drive shipped in 1971 as a component in the IBM 2385 Storage Control Unit for the IBM 2305 fixed head disk drive, and of the System 370 Models 155 and 165. The IBM 3830 Storage Control Unit, a contemporaneous and quite similar controller, uses its internal processor to control a 23FD. The resultant FDC is a simple implementation in IBMs' MST hybrid circuits on a few printed circuit cards. The drive, FDC and media were proprietary to IBM and although other manufacturers provided early FDDs prior to 1973 there were no standards for FDCs, drives or media.IBM's 1973 introduction of the 3740 Data Entry System created the basic media standard for the 8-inch single sided floppy disk, IBM's "Type 1" diskette, which coupled with rapidly increasing requirements for inexpensive, removable direct access storage for many small applications caused a dramatic growth in drive and controller shipments.
Prior to the introduction of special purpose integrated circuit versions, most FDCs consisted of at least one printed circuit implemented with 40 or more ICs. Examples of such FDCs include:
- 1973: The FDC in IBM's 3741 is a type of microcontroller that accepts commands from the system's microprocessor and executes them on the attached 33FD as independently as possible. It accepts and executes the following commands, select/stop, write check, seek lower, seek higher, read data, read I D, write data, write control, write I D, set ready, reset access counter, and nothing. It was implemented using IBM's MST hybrid circuits on the motherboard plus a separate data separator PCB. This IBM FDC did establish the IBM Type 1 diskette as the first industry standard floppy disk medium but neither its interface to the host microprocessor nor its interface to the 33FD were adopted as industry standards.
- 1974: iCOM's FD360 contained an early FDC, the CF 360, that generated industry standard media, connected to industry standard host busses, and supported industry standard FDDs. Its FDC was implemented on a PCB approximately 12x9 inches as a state machine using 30 ICs.
- 1976: Scientific Micro Systems' FD0300 FDC built on an 8-inch by 12-inch circuit board contains a microprocessor and approximately 50 integrated circuits and is designed to provide easy attachment to a number of host buses.
- 1976: Shugart Associates introduced the first 5¼-inch floppy disk drive along with an associated and first FDC for this form factor, the SA4400. The SA4400 performs control functions to transfer data between a host system and up to 3 disk drives using an 8-bit general purpose host interface which format disks according to a modified IBM 3740 type media format specifications. The FDC is microprocessor controlled and implemented on a 5.75 by 9.50 inch PCB with 45 ICs. The drive interface and media form factors became industry standards with the media then evolving over time to support a number of different formats.
- 1977: The Apple Disc II FDC, the "Woz Machine", is built with only 8 ICs. It, like the much earlier IBM 3830 FDC, achieved the reduction in components through use of the host processor and firmware. Its interface to the Apple host as well as its interface to the Apple 5¼-inch floppy disk drive is unique and it was not adopted as an industry standard.
The was announced in 1978 and in 1979 NEC introduced the, which was software compatible with the μPD765, incorporating a Digital PLL. The μPD765 became a quasi-industry standard when it was adopted in the original IBM PC ; the FDC was physically located on its own adapter card along with support circuitry. Other vendors such as Intel produced compatible parts. This design evolved over time into a family offering an almost complete FDC on a chip.
As of March 1986, Sharp had commercialized the FDC LH0110.
In early 1987, Intel introduced the 82072 CHMOS High Integrated Floppy Disk Controller for use in industry standard PC computers.
The Intel 82078 series Floppy Disk Controller supports industry standard 82077AA/SL series Floppy Disk Controller. They were available for USD $4-$6 a piece in 1000-unit quantities depending upon these versions.
- 82078-1 both have 44- and 64-leads QFP package. This supports up to 2-Mbyte/sec data transfer rates.
- 82078SL both have 44- and 64-leads QFP package. This features 3.3-volt support and enhanced power management that can power down to less than 50 microamps.
Overview
A floppy disk stores binary data not as a series of values, but a series of changes in value. Each of these changes, recorded in the polarity of the magnetic recording media, causes a voltage to be induced in the drive head as the disk surface rotates past it. It is the timing of these polarization changes and the resulting spikes of voltage that encode the ones and zeros of the original data. One of the functions of the controller is to turn the original data into the proper pattern of polarizations during writing, and then recreate it during reads.As the storage is based on timing, and that timing is easily affected by mechanical and electrical disturbances, accurately reading the data requires some sort of reference signal, the clock. As the on-disk timing is constantly changing, the clock signal has to be provided by the disk itself. To do this, the original data is modified with extra transitions to allow the clock signal to be encoded in the data and then use clock recovery during reads to recreate the original signal. Some controllers require this encoding to be performed externally, but most designs provide standard encodings like FM and MFM.
The controller also provides a number of other services to control the drive mechanism itself. These typically include the movement of the drive head to centre over the separate tracks on the disk, tracking the location of the head and returning it to zero, and sometimes functionally to format a disk based on simple inputs like the number of tracks, sectors per track and number of bytes per sector.
To produce a complete system, the controller has to be combined with additional circuitry or software that acts as a bridge between the controller and the host system. In some systems, like the Apple II and IBM PC, this is controlled by software running on the computer's host microprocessor and the drive interface is connected directly to the processor using an expansion card. On other systems, like the Commodore 64 and Atari 8-bit computers, there is no direct path from the controller to the host CPU and a second processor like the MOS 6507 or Zilog Z80 is used inside the drive for this purpose.
The original Apple II controller was in the form of a plug-in card on the host computer. It could support two drives, and the drives eliminated most of the normal onboard circuitry. This allowed Apple to arrange a deal with Shugart Associates for a simplified drive that lacked most of its normal circuitry. This meant that the combined cost of a single drive and controller card was roughly the same as on other systems, but a second drive could be connected for a smaller additional cost.
The IBM PC took a more conventional approach, their adaptor card could support up to four drives; on the PC direct memory access to the drives was performed using DMA channel 2 and IRQ 6. The diagram below shows a conventional floppy disk controller which communicates with the CPU via an Industry Standard Architecture bus or similar bus and communicates with the floppy disk drive with a 34 pin ribbon cable. An alternative arrangement that is more usual in recent designs has the FDC included in a super I/O chip which communicates via a Low Pin Count bus.
Image:Fdcinpc.jpg|center|frame|Block diagram showing FDC communication with the CPU and the FDD.
Most of the floppy disk controller functions are performed by the integrated circuit but some are performed by external hardware circuits. The list of functions performed by each is given below.